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avant-garde

art

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Assorted References

  • American movement
    • A map of the states, boundaries, and capital cities of the United States, along with the bodies of water and other counties surrounding the U.S.
      In United States: Cultural life

      …had seen an influx of avant-garde artists escaping Adolf Hitler’s Europe, including the painters Max Ernst, Piet Mondrian, and Joan Miró, as well as the composer Igor Stravinsky. They imported many of the ideals of the European avant-garde, particularly the belief that art should always be difficult and “ahead of…

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  • art criticism
    • Gustave Courbet: The Painter's Studio
      In art criticism: The avant-garde problem

      Painter Gustave Courbet’s rebellious Realism was the case par excellence of new avant-gardism that threw off the centuries-old debate between classicism and radicalism. In 1855 two of his paintings—the now famous Burial at Ornans (1849) and The Artist’s Studio

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    • Gustave Courbet: The Painter's Studio
      In art criticism: Avant-garde art comes to America

      As the century progressed, art criticism grew in part because of the explosive growth of avant-garde art but also because the new art became newsworthy enough to be covered by the media, especially when big money invested in it. The…

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  • modernism early developments
  • Ukrainian movement
    • Ukraine
      In Ukraine: Visual arts

      …independence in 1918 further fostered avant-garde trends that reflected a resurgence of Ukrainian national traditions. Two schools developed: in painting, the Monumentalism of Mykhaylo Boychuk, Ivan Padalka, and Vasyl Sedliar, consisting of a blend of Ukrainian Byzantine and Early Renaissance styles; and, in the graphic arts, the Neo-Baroque of Heorhii…

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genres

    literature

    • To the Lighthouse
      In novel: Avant-gardism

      Many innovations in fiction can be classified under headings already considered. Even so revolutionary a work as Joyce’s Finnegans Wake represents an attempt to show the true nature of a dream; this can be regarded as a kind of Impressionism pushed so far that…

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    • France
      • Battle of Sluis during the Hundred Years' War
        In French literature: The avant-garde

        These dislocations and disruptions were the dynamic that generated a violent and vigorous resurgence of the avant-garde, attacking the bourgeois rationalist certainties they held responsible for Europe’s decay. The Dada movement, founded in Zürich in 1916, joined forces with the writers clustering round the…

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    music

      • Antheil
        • In George Antheil

          …artistic circles of the Parisian avant-garde. Antheil’s most celebrated work, Le Ballet mécanique, scored for player pianos, automobile horns, electric bells, and airplane propellers, produced a hostile outcry in Paris (1926) and New York (1927); on its revival in 1954 it was considered fairly tame. In 1936 Antheil moved to…

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      • Berio
        • Luciano Berio
          In Luciano Berio

          …leading representatives of the musical avant-garde. His style is notable for combining lyric and expressive musical qualities with the most advanced techniques of electronic and aleatory music.

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      • Brown
        • In Earle Brown

          …the leading American composers of avant-garde music, best known for his development of graphic notation and the open-form system of composition.

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      • Ligeti
        • Ligeti, György
          In György Ligeti

          …composer of the branch of avant-garde music concerned principally with shifting masses of sound and tone colours.

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      • Penderecki
        • Krzysztof Penderecki
          In Krzysztof Penderecki

          …a leader of the European avant-garde. His later works include the two-part Utrenja (1969–71; Morning Prayer), Magnificat (1973–74), Polish Requiem (1980–2005), Cello Concerto No. 2 (1982; Grammy Award, 1998), the opera Ubu Rex (1990–91), and the choral work Phaedra (2002).

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      • Satie
        • Erik Satie
          In Erik Satie

          …his musical aesthetic, epitomized the avant-garde ideal of a fusion of art and life into an often startling but unified personality. He sought to strip pretentiousness and sentimentality from music and thereby reveal an austere essence. This desire is reflected in piano pieces such as Trois Gnossiennes (1890), notated without…

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      • Stockhausen

      painting

        • Jack of Diamonds
          • “Red Furniture”
            In Jack of Diamonds

            …years the leading exponents of avant-garde art in Russia. The group’s first exhibition, held in December 1910, included works by the French Cubists Albert Gleizes, Henri Le Fauconnier, and André Lhote; other paintings were exhibited by Wassily Kandinsky and Alexey von Jawlensky, both Russian artists then living in Germany. The…

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        • Kandinsky
          • Wassily Kandinsky: Painting with Green Center
            In Wassily Kandinsky: Munich period

            …an active animator of the avant-garde movement in Munich, helping to found in 1909 the New Artists’ Association (Neue Künstlervereinigung). Following a disagreement within this group, he and the German painter Franz Marc founded in 1911 an informally organized rival group, which took the name Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue…

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        theatre

          • France
            • Egyptian Book of the Dead: Anubis
              In Western theatre: Avant-garde in France

              At the beginning of the 20th century, France was the international centre for innovation in the visual arts, but such was not the case with the theatre. In Paris theatres were dominated by wealthy patrons eager for the farces of Georges Feydeau…

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          • United States
            • Egyptian Book of the Dead: Anubis
              In Western theatre: Off-Off Broadway and regional theatre

              During the 1960s, a strong avant-garde theatre movement known as Off-Off Broadway emerged in New York City. The name is a play on the term Off-Broadway as well as a geographic description: most of these venues tend to be far removed from Broadway theatres—indeed, some have argued that all American…

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          • dance
            • In Trisha Brown

              Brown was influenced by the avant-garde style developed most prominently by Merce Cunningham during the 1960s and ’70s. Although grounded in Martha Graham’s technique (Cunningham had been a student of Graham’s), avant-garde dance evolved as a reaction to the more structured and formal classical ballet and classical modern dance. Avant-garde…

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          • jewelry
          • motion pictures
            • The Passion of Joan of Arc
              In history of film: France

              …encouraging the development of the avant-garde film movement known as Impressionism (led by Germaine Dulac, Jean Epstein, Marcel L’Herbier, and Fernand Léger) and the innovative films of Abel Gance (La Roue, 1923; Napoléon vu par Abel Gance, 1927) and Dmitri Kirsanoff (Ménilmontant, 1926). Because the French film industry had evolved…

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