The director’s relation to the actor
A proper comprehension of and respect for the actor is indispensable to direction of the highest quality, since the acting in the theatre greatly outweighs such elements as settings, lighting effects, and visual ideas. On this point Jouvet and Shaw both have written aptly. The former said: “The profession of director suffers from the disease of immodesty.” And the latter, hardly famous for underestimating his own abilities, advised in The Art of Rehearsal:
Do not forget that though at the first rehearsal you will know more about the parts than the actors, at the last rehearsal they ought to know more about them than you, and therefore have something to teach you about them.
If a director has antagonized his actors and has not, on the contrary, stimulated their imagination so that they have become confidently creative, then failure for him is almost inevitable.
The task is difficult. To communicate with any particular group of actors requires the most balanced judgment. Unlike the orchestral conductor, to whose aims the theatrical director’s are closely analogous, he cannot control actual performance. Neither can he, except rarely, tell his actors precisely and in every detail exactly what he wants of them. The minutiae are solely their concern, just as in a concerto they are the concern of the soloist (all actors, basically, are soloists, and their creative powers generally are inhibited by drill sergeant methods). Actors need at least the illusion that their own imaginations have full freedom. To direct by guile is therefore most often the key to success.
The rehearsal process
The director’s efforts are naturally affected by the length of time given to rehearsals. These vary according to economic pressures, national customs, and union rules. In some countries, notably the United States, the actors’ union has used its powers to escalate salaries and limit working hours. The American director is consequently hard put to find enough time to achieve the depth and polish to which he aspires. His limit may stretch to four weeks on Broadway and to a mere one or two weeks outside New York City. In many parts of Europe, subsidized theatre has been long established, and where this is so conditions are better. Rehearsals can last five or six weeks and may even extend into months. Despite unionization, the length of the rehearsal day for serious drama in Great Britain is left up to the artists themselves. The working day is long and four weeks is usually considered enough time, but it is not uncommon for productions at the National Theatre or the Royal Shakespeare Company to begin through workshops months before the opening performance.
Directorial capacities for patience and self-control usually are put to the test in the last few days of rehearsal. For weeks the company has worked together, and it should have at last reached a result that seems very close to fruitful consummation. The actors may have rehearsed, as in many European countries, on the very stage on which they are to perform. If they are working in Great Britain or the United States, they may have worked in nothing better than a room. In either case, a time must come when scenery, probably incomplete, appears and almost inevitably looks unlike what was expected. The actors have scarcely adjusted themselves to this when the lighting has to be set and cues established. Suddenly, the marvelous magic world that the artists have built and come to inhabit as their own is shattered: the technicians have arrived. There is retrogression and despondency as door handles come off in the actors’ hands and complicated speeches written to be spoken to the dying rays of a setting sun are repeated over and over again while the sun obstinately refuses to set. At this point the entire production must be reborn and all its disparate components brought together in rhythm and harmony. The best served artists are those in countries where subsidy permits extended technical rehearsals. In Germany, eastern Europe, and Scandinavia, artists and technicians may be given a week or more in which they can work together onstage before the first dress rehearsal. The allotted time in the United States may be less than 24 hours.
Casting
There is a crucial responsibility at the other end of the production schedule, before rehearsals even begin. It is the casting process, which is often regarded as an art in itself. An error in casting can be fatal, no matter how much imagination, hard work, and money have been invested in the production. The responsibility should always be the director’s, but it is often usurped by the producer in theatres oriented toward the box office, and it has become a frequent habit with the latter to seek either the “right type” for the part or a well-publicized “name,” irrespective of the ability to act. The wisest casting often works by opposites, so that a hot-blooded character is best played by an actor whose own personality is cool and objective. Then, as a director of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London observed:
Two contrary elements fuse harmonically to create a character in depth [who] becomes “real” precisely because he is made up of opposite elements in the same way as people are in life.
Casting, the planning of schedules, and the coordination of differing streams of creativity become more complex in production outside the field of straight drama. The rehearsal period in musicals, for example, is longer, and the strain is greater not so much on the director’s artistic resources (for he has a great many helpers) but on his powers of leadership. The presence of a choreographer, with a conductor and an orchestra, the cost of which in Britain and the United States prohibits the use of musicians before the dress rehearsal, in addition to a heightened emphasis on lighting and visual effects, all contribute to creating a vast potential for discord. The director must resolve these and even turn them to advantage. All large-scale entertainments, including most modern musicals, reach the ears of the audience by means of electronic amplification. This introduces the alien element of the sound engineer, who is likely to be more technocrat than artist and may require tactful handling.
Clearly, the director of live entertainment needs to be a person of many qualities, some of which are in conflict with one another. Of all the necessary characteristics, patience perhaps is one of the most important. Unlike directors in other media, the theatre director is both artist and maintenance supervisor: in a long run it is his duty to watch the show at least every two or three weeks, thus ensuring that all that happens on the stage continues to be true to the original intentions. Such recurring watchfulness calls for critical balance and powers of endurance not easily found.
John Bailey Fernald Ned Chaillet