palindrome, word, number, sentence, or verse that reads the same backward or forward. The term derives from the Greek palin dromo (“running back again”).

Examples of word palindromes include “civic,” “madam,” “radar,” and “deified.” Numerical palindromes include sequences that read the same in reverse order (e.g., 1991), as well as those that can be read upside down and backward (e.g., 1961). Examples of sentences include “Able was I ere I saw Elba” and “Lewd did I live & evil I did dwel.” Examples of verse include (in Latin) “Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor” and “Signa te, signa temere me tangis et angis.” Some persons have refined upon the palindrome and composed verses each word of which is the same read backward as forward—for instance, that of William Camden:

The following is still more complicated, as it can be read in four ways—upward and downward as well as backward and forward:

This Latin palindromic square, which was found on a Roman wall in Cirencester, Eng., and in Pompeii, Italy, may be translated: “Arepo the sower holds the wheels with care.” As late as the 19th century it was graven on amulets and charms and laid upon pregnant women to ensure safe delivery. Like the sign of the fish (an acrostic: Greek ichthys, “fish,” happens to have the first letters of the Greek words for Jesus Christ, God’s son, Saviour), the square may have been used to identify fellow Christians in the days of persecution, for its letters form a cross with the word tenet and can be arranged in the cross

with four letters remaining: A, O, A, and O. These, placed at the extremities, can represent alpha and omega. Though some, because of the early date of the eruption that destroyed Pompeii (ad 79), suggest a Jewish origin, the threefold Christian symbols, cross, prayer, and quotation, seem to confute them; moreover, the letters of the square can be rearranged to spell Oro Te, Pater; oro Te, Pater; sanas: “I pray to thee, Father. Thou healest.” Thus the palindrome, now merely a game, had a serious beginning.