Adam Asnyk

Adam Asnyk (born September 11, 1838, Kalisz, Russian Empire [now in Poland]—died August 2, 1897, Kraków, Austria-Hungary [now in Poland]) was a Polish poet and playwright renowned for the simplicity of his poetic style.

Asnyk’s family belonged to the minor gentry. His father, a soldier, spent two years as an exile in Siberia before returning to Poland to become a successful merchant. For a while Asnyk studied medicine in Warsaw, but his political activities caused him, in turn, to become an exile. A member of the Polish revolutionary government in 1863, he fled after the failure of the insurrection. He never returned to Russian-occupied Poland, settling eventually in Galicia, as the southern provinces of Poland incorporated into the Austro-Hungarian Empire were called.

Initially influenced by Polish Romantic poets, especially by Juliusz Słowacki, Asnyk gradually joined the Positivist school of thinking (a system of philosophy emphasizing in particular the achievements of science), and in the 1880s he was recognized as a leading poet of the period. His first poetic volume, Poezje (“Poems”), appeared in 1869, followed by three others. His cycle of 30 sonnets, Nad głębiami (“Over the Depths”), was published in 1883–84. In it he stresses the evolutionary character of nature; the struggle for survival is shown not as the law of the jungle but as a mutual interdependence and cooperation between human communities. Deprived of independence and doomed to a political death, Poland, according to Asnyk, would be reborn sooner or later because it refused to commit “spiritual suicide.”

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Asnyk also wrote highly popular erotic poems distinguished in their simplicity and precision of poetic form. His works published during the period of Positivist literature, mostly novels and short stories, assumed the period’s requisite minimum of metaphors and long, complete sentences. These elements rendered his poetry prosaic, but it was popular among young readers, who found his form of expression easier to understand than the complicated imagery of Romantic poets. His dramas, such as the comedy of manners Gałązka heliotropu (1869; “A Sprig of Heliotrope”) and the historical tragedies Cola Rienzi (1873) and Kiejstut (1878)—the titles are the names of the plays’ protagonists—were less successful than his poetry and his prose fiction.