Alain Chartier

Alain Chartier (born c. 1385, Bayeux, Normandy, France—died c. 1433, Avignon, Provence?) was a French poet and political writer whose didactic, elegant, and Latinate style was regarded as a model by succeeding generations of poets and prose writers.

Educated at the University of Paris, Chartier entered the royal service, acting as secretary and notary to both Charles VI and the dauphin, later Charles VII. He carried out various diplomatic missions for Charles VII, and in 1428 he was sent to Scotland to negotiate the marriage of Margaret of Scotland with the future Louis XI.

His work, written mainly from 1415 to 1430, is distinguished by its variety of subject matter and form. Chartier was a poet, orator, historian, moralist, and pamphleteer who wrote in Latin and French. His earliest-known poem, the Livre des quatre dames (1415 or 1416; “Book of the Four Ladies”), is a discussion between four ladies who have lost their lovers at the Battle of Agincourt. The same technique is used in the prose Quadrilogue invectif, written in 1422, the dialogue being between France and the three estates of the realm (clergy, nobility, and commoners). This work exposes the sufferings of the peasantry, the misdeeds of the church, and the abuses of the feudal army but maintains that France could yet be saved if the kingdom’s contending factions would lay aside their differences in the face of the common enemy.

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Chartier’s poems are mostly allegories in the courtly tradition but show the influence of his classical learning in their frequent Latinisms. They include La Belle Dame sans merci, Le Lay de paix (“The Lay of Peace”), and Le Bréviaire des nobles, the first of which, a tale of unrequited love, is the best known and was translated into English in the 15th century.