Al-Mufaḍḍaliyyāt, anthology of ancient Arabic poems, compiled by al-Mufaḍḍal ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿlah al-Ḍabbī between 762 and 784. It is of the highest importance as a record of the thought and poetic art of Arabia in the last two pre-Islamic centuries. Not more than five or six of the 126 poems appear to have been composed by poets born during the Islamic period, and, though a certain number converted to Islam, their work bears few marks of it. The ancient virtues alone—hospitality to the guest and to the poor, profuse expenditure of wealth, valour in battle, faithfulness to the cause of the tribe—were praised.

The 126 pieces are distributed among 68 poets, and the work represents a selection from the composition of those called al-muqillūn (“poets who composed only a few poems”) rather than from the famous poets whose works had been compiled in divans (collections of poetry). Not all the poems of Al-Mufaḍḍaliyyāt are complete, many are mere fragments, and even in the longest there are often gaps. Al-Mufaḍḍal, however, always tried to present complete poems and evidently set down all that he could collect of a poem from the memory of a rāwī (professional reciter).

Despite the sparseness of their extant work, several of the poets of Al-Mufaḍḍaliyyāt are well known and highly respected, such as ʿAlqamah ibn ʿAbadah, Mutammim ibn Nuwayrah, Salamah ibn Jandal, al-Shanfarā, ʿAbd Yaghuth, and Abu Dhuʿayb. Al-Ḥārith ibn Ḥilliza was already celebrated for his ode in the Muʿallaqāt collection.