Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius . Temperature indicates the direction in which heat energy will spontaneously flow—i.e., from a hotter body (one at a higher temperature) to a colder body (one at a lower temperature).

Anders Celsius

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Anders Celsius

Q: When is air temperature the highest?

On average, the time of day when air temperature is the highest is usually about 3 PM, as heat continues to build up after noon. However, after 3 PM the Sun is low enough in the sky for more heat to be lost than absorbed, causing a gradual decline in air temperature.

Q: Why is air temperature lower at night?

During the night there is no direct sunlight, so there is more solar energy being lost than absorbed, causing air temperature during the night to be relatively cooler than during the day.

Q: Why does temperature decrease with higher altitude?

Temperature decreases at higher altitudes because there is less air exerting pressure than at sea level . According to Gay-Lussac ’s law, pressure and temperature at a constant volume are directly proportional, so if there is a decrease in pressure, temperature will consequently decrease.

Q: When do temperature inversions occur?

Temperature inversions occur when the normal heat gradient of the atmosphere—air is warmer near the ground and cooler in the sky—is reversed. A temperature inversion typically occurs in the late evening and disappears just after sunrise. A visual cue that a temperature inversion has happened is fog (or smog in an urban environment).

Swedish astronomer

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Last Updated: Apr 21, 2025 • Article History

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Born:: November 27, 1701, Uppsala, Sweden

Died:: April 25, 1744, Uppsala (aged 42)

Inventions:: Celsius

Subjects Of Study:: northern lights

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Anders Celsius (born November 27, 1701, Uppsala, Sweden—died April 25, 1744, Uppsala) was an astronomer who invented the Celsius temperature scale (often called the centigrade scale).

Celsius was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, and in 1740 he built the Uppsala Observatory. In 1733 Celsius published a collection of 316 observations of the aurora borealis, or northern lights, made by himself and others from 1716 to 1732. He advocated the measurement of an arc of a meridian in Lapland and in 1736 took part in an expedition organized for that purpose, which verified Isaac Newton’s theory that the Earth is somewhat flattened at the poles. In 1742 he described his thermometer in a paper read before the Swedish Academy of Sciences. His other works include Dissertatio de Nova Methodo Distantiam Solis a Terra Determinandi (1730; “A Dissertation on a New Method of Determining the Distance of the Sun from the Earth”) and De Observationibus pro Figura Telluris Determinanda in Gallia Habitis, Disquisitio (1738; “Disquisition on Observations Made in France for Determining the Shape of the Earth”).

This article was most recently revised and updated by Encyclopaedia Britannica.

temperature

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thermometer Most modern thermometers are graduated with both the Celsius temperature scale and the Fahrenheit temperature scale. This thermometer's inner scale shows degrees Fahrenheit, and its outer scale shows degrees Celsius.

temperature

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Last Updated: Apr 21, 2025 • Article History

Key People:: George Dollond; Percy Williams Bridgman; Sir C. Wyville Thomson; H.L. Callendar; Guillaume Amontons

Related Topics:: thermometer; wet-bulb temperature; temperature inversion; lapse rate; absolute zero

On the Web:: Chemistry LibreTexts - Temperature (Apr. 21, 2025)

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What is temperature?

When is air temperature the highest?

Why is air temperature lower at night?

Why does temperature decrease with higher altitude?

When do temperature inversions occur?

temperature, measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several arbitrary scales and indicating the direction in which heat energy will spontaneously flow—i.e., from a hotter body (one at a higher temperature) to a colder body (one at a lower temperature). Temperature is not the equivalent of the energy of a thermodynamic system; e.g., a burning match is at a much higher temperature than an iceberg, but the total heat energy contained in an iceberg is much greater than the energy contained in a match. Temperature, similar to pressure or density, is called an intensive property—one that is independent of the quantity of matter being considered—as distinguished from extensive properties, such as mass or volume.

Three temperature scales are in general use today. The Fahrenheit (°F) temperature scale is used in the United States and a few other English-speaking countries. The Celsius (°C) temperature scale is standard in virtually all countries that have adopted the metric system of measurement, and it is widely used in the sciences. The Kelvin (K) scale, an absolute temperature scale (obtained by shifting the Celsius scale by −273.15° so that absolute zero coincides with 0 K), is recognized as the international standard for scientific temperature measurement.

In certain fields of engineering, another absolute temperature scale, the Rankine scale (see William Rankine), is preferred over the Kelvin scale. Its unit of measure—the degree Rankine (°R)—equals the Fahrenheit degree, as the kelvin equals one Celsius degree.

rain. Child in the rain, wearing a rain coat, under a yellow umbrella. April Showers weather climate rain storm water drops

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The Réaumur (°Re) temperature scale (or octogesimal division) was widely used in parts of Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries; it later was used primarily to measure the temperature of mixtures during brewing, of syrups in the production of certain food products, and of milk during cheese making.

This article was most recently revised and updated by Encyclopaedia Britannica.