Antoine Furetière

Antoine Furetière (born Dec. 28, 1619, Paris—died March 14, 1688, Paris) was a French novelist, satirist, and lexicographer, remarkable for the variety of his writing.

The son of a lawyer’s clerk, Furetière entered the legal profession but soon resigned his office and took holy orders to qualify himself for benefices, which provided an income that enabled him to pursue his literary vocation. After publishing three books of comic and satirical verse, he wrote Nouvelle Allégorique ou Histoire des derniers troubles arrivés au royaume d’Eloquence (1658), a facetious survey of the contemporary Parisian world of letters, in which he wrote so favourably of the members of the Académie Française that he was, in 1662, himself elected.

He soon forfeited the good will of his colleagues, however. His Le Roman bourgeois (1666) was a pioneer work in the history of the French novel because it dealt realistically with the Parisian middle classes instead of “heroic” personages or picaresque vagrants. But it gave offense to the academy, not so much by the formlessness of its construction as by its fidelity to a subject matter deemed unworthy of an academician.

Furetière incurred worse displeasure when, late in 1684, he revealed his intention of publishing his own universal dictionary of the French language, on which he had been working for some 40 years. This enterprise infuriated some of his fellow academicians, whose own long-projected dictionary was still incomplete. They expelled him from the academy, and, though King Louis XIV did his best to protect him, the rest of Furetière’s life was spent in controversy with his former colleagues. His great Dictionnaire, soon to be recognized as more comprehensive and much more useful than the academy’s, was first printed in Holland in three volumes in 1690.