Antonio Labriola (born July 2, 1843, Cassino, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies [Italy]—died Feb. 12, 1904, Rome, Italy) was a philosopher who systematized the study of Marxist socialism in Italy. The first in his nation to expound orthodox Marxism, he profoundly influenced contemporaries of diverse political persuasions.

A student of the Hegelian philosopher Bertrando Spaventa, Labriola became a philosophy professor at the University of Rome in 1874. His independent and critical mind, together with his gift for oral expression, made him an exceptional teacher as well as a brilliant scholar. First favouring the political right, he became increasingly disturbed by the corruption in Italian politics and by 1885 adopted a radical socialist philosophy. It was in 1889, in presenting a course on the philosophy of history, that he began his lectures on Marxism, the first in Italy.

Labriola began a correspondence with Friedrich Engels in 1890 and undertook the systematic study of the texts of Karl Marx and Engels, approaching historical materialism from a critical, analytical point of view. Shortly thereafter, his Italian translation of The Communist Manifesto appeared. Labriola’s writings include In memoria del Manifesto dei Comunisti (1895; “In Memory of the Communist Manifesto”), La concezione materialistica della storia (1896; “The Materialist Conception of History”), and Discorrendo di socialismo e di filosofia (1897; “Speaking on Socialism and Philosophy”).

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