Carlos Ibáñez del Campo

Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (born Nov. 3, 1877, Chillán, Chile—died April 28, 1960, Santiago) was a Chilean president from 1927 to 1931 and from 1952 to 1958. Although by preference Ibáñez was aligned with foreign reactionaries, he made many constructive domestic reforms.

After a military career of 30 years, Ibáñez participated in a revolt in September 1924 against the government of Arturo Alessandri Palma. From 1925 to 1927 Ibáñez in effect controlled Chile while serving as minister of war and then as minister of the interior. In 1927 he forced the resignation of President Emiliano Figueroa Larraín and until 1931 held office as chief executive. Backed by the army, he exiled or jailed all opposition. His regime was directed to material development, especially of the ailing nitrate industry, which he sought to rescue through the creation of a monopoly corporation, Compañía de Salitre de Chile (Cosach), heavily dependent upon U.S. capital. When Cosach failed and the world depression put an end to the influx of foreign capital, the Chilean economy crumbled. Discontent with Ibáñez’ authoritarianism became overt, and in July 1931 he went into exile in Argentina.

The former dictator returned from exile in May 1937 and in September of the following year, with the support of Chilean fascists, attempted an armed revolt that promptly failed. In August 1939 he led another uprising that was again quickly crushed. His propensity for unsuccessful coups coupled with his reactionary views and fascist associations caused his defeat when he ran for the presidency in 1942. In 1952, however, the 75-year-old Ibáñez again ran for the presidency with populist support (he was closely aligned with Argentina’s President Juan Perón) and won the election through an appeal for integrity in government that was directed at the depressed urban elements and the rural workers. His presidency was in marked contrast to his dictatorship in the 1920s, for he now demonstrated an ability to conciliate opposition, reorganized government departments to promote efficiency, and encouraged industrial growth. Despite his efforts, however, when he left office at age 81, the Chilean economy was in desperate straits, and the government was as corrupt as when he took office.