Claude de Lorraine, 1st duke de Guise

Claude de Lorraine, 1st duke de Guise (born Oct. 20, 1496, Condé-sur-Moselle, Fr.—died April 12, 1550, Joinville) was the count and later (from 1527) duke of Guise, the first of the great members of the House of Guise.

He was brought up at the French court and on April 18, 1513, married Antoinette de Bourbon (1493–1583), daughter of François, comte de Vendôme. In 1515 he fought at Marignano and was seriously wounded; in 1521 he distinguished himself at the siege of Fuenterrabia. With the rewards that he received from the crown he built up the wealth and prestige of his family. His successes against the English in northern France in 1522 contrasted with the defeats suffered by the French in Italy and won him the admiration and gratitude of the people of Paris. In 1523 he was appointed governor of Champagne and Burgundy and became responsible for the defense of France’s eastern border. At Neufchâteau he routed the Holy Roman Emperor’s army. In 1525, after Francis I of France had been defeated and captured at Pavia, Guise assumed a prominent place in Louise of Savoy’s council of regency. Although he was criticized for using troops needed for the defense of the realm to crush a peasant revolt in Lorraine, he gained the reputation of being a champion of religious and social orthodoxy, and in 1527 Francis I acknowledged his services by enlarging his estates and creating him duke and peer, a dignity hitherto reserved to princes of the blood. Guise claimed precedence over all other French nobles and eventually aroused the King’s distrust; as provincial governor he acted so independently of the crown as to incur the displeasure of the Parlement of Paris. In 1536 and 1537 he fought the imperial troops in northern France, relieving Péronne, and in 1542 took part in the short-lived conquest of Luxembourg.

He died at his Château of Joinville in 1550. It was believed at the time that he had been poisoned in revenge for his suspected complicity in the death of François de Bourbon, lord of Enghien (1546), his wife’s nephew, whose victory at Ceresole had revived the prestige of the rival House of Bourbon.