David Bohm

David Bohm (born Dec. 20, 1917, Wilkes-Barre, Penn., U.S.—died Oct. 27, 1992, London, Eng.) was an American-born British theoretical physicist who developed a causal, nonlocal interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Born to an immigrant Jewish family, Bohm defied his father’s wishes that he pursue some practical occupation, such as joining the family’s furniture business, in order to study science. After receiving a bachelor’s degree (1939) from Pennsylvania State College, Bohm continued graduate research at the California Institute of Technology and then the University of California at Berkeley (Ph.D., 1943), where he worked with physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. In 1947 Bohm became an assistant professor at Princeton University.

In 1943 Bohm was denied security clearance to work at Los Alamos, N.M., on the atomic bomb. His research in Berkeley still proved marginally useful to the Manhattan Project and directed his attention to plasma physics. In postwar papers, Bohm laid the foundations of modern plasma theory. Bohm’s lectures at Princeton developed into an influential textbook, Quantum Theory (1951), that contained a clear presentation of Danish physicist Niels Bohr’s Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. While working on that book, Bohm came to believe that a causal (non-Copenhagen) interpretation was also possible, contrary to the view then almost universally held among physicists. Encouraged in this pursuit by conversations with Albert Einstein, he developed an interpretation on the assumption that there existed unobserved hidden variables.

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By the time his theory was published in 1952, political problems had forced Bohm to emigrate. He had been involved in left-wing politics in Berkeley during World War II, including membership in various organizations that Federal Bureau of Investigations director J. Edgar Hoover labeled communist fronts, which in the postwar climate of McCarthyism (see Joseph McCarthy) made him be seen as a security threat. Bohm refused to testify about his or others’ political beliefs to the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1949, which resulted in his being charged with contempt of the U.S. Congress. Although Bohm was eventually acquitted of the charge, he was suspended from teaching duties and in 1951 lost his job at Princeton. With Einstein’s help, he found a position at the University of São Paulo in Brazil and in 1955 at the Technion in Haifa, Israel. After 1957 he worked in England, first at the University of Bristol and then, from 1961 until retirement in 1987, as a professor of theoretical physics at Birkbeck College, University of London.

Initially ignored, the idea of hidden variables inspired interest after the publication of Bohm’s Causality and Chance in Modern Physics (1957), the prediction of the Aharonov-Bohm effect (1959), and especially after it led American physicist John Bell to discover the Bell inequality theorem (1964; see quantum mechanics: Paradox of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen). Efforts to interpret quantum theory changed as a result of Bohm’s work, with discussion shifting to the issues of nonlocality, nonseparability, and entanglement.

Bohm’s later publications became increasingly philosophical; the influence of Marxism on him gave way first to Hegelianism and then theosophy through the teachings of the Indian mystic Jiddu Krishnamurti, with whom he wrote The Ending of Time (1985). Bohm’s most famous later book, Wholeness and the Implicate Order (1980), also dealt with the broader issues of the human condition and consciousness.