Eugene of Savoy

Eugene of Savoy (born Oct. 18, 1663, Paris, France—died April 24, 1736, Vienna, Austria) was a field marshal and statesman of the Carignan line of the House of Savoy, who, in the service of the Austrian Holy Roman emperor, made his name as one of the greatest soldiers of his generation. He fought notably against the Turks in central Europe and the Balkans (1683–88, 1697, 1715–18) and against France in the War of the Grand Alliance (1689–97) and in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). He was the teacher of Frederick the Great and the only one among the seven great strategists of all time whose campaigns Napoleon considered worthy of study by posterity.

Life

Eugene was the youngest son of the Comte de Soissons, of the House of Savoy-Carignan, and of Olympia Mancini, a niece of Cardinal Mazarin. His paternal ancestors were the dukes of Savoy, who later became kings of Sardinia, Sicily, and eventually of all Italy, while on his mother’s side the family included not only Roman patricians but also hatters, valets, and humble artisans. A rumour once had it that Eugene was actually the son of Louis XIV, the Sun King, who, although he always denied it, was said to have had an affair as a young man with Olympia Mancini. Louis, in any event, was ashamed of this unprepossessing supposed offspring of his. So severely did he restrain Eugene’s ambitions that the latter, after spending some 20 inglorious years in Paris and Versailles, left France altogether and offered his sword to the emperor Leopold I, who was busy fighting the Turks.

In his first battle, at the relief of Vienna from siege by the Turks in 1683, Eugene so distinguished himself that the Emperor gave him a regiment of dragoons to command the following year. Nothing could now retard this young genius on his way to world fame. It was more than just an outstanding strategic ability that made him victorious; it was also a contagious élan, which enabled him time and again to lead his men to triumph on the field of battle. With equal impetuosity he climbed the senior military ranks, becoming an imperial field marshal at the age of 29. He fought seven battles of major historical significance. Through the victories of Zenta, Peterwardein, and Belgrade, he once and for all secured Hungary from the Turks; together with the Duke of Marlborough, his great friend, he won Bavaria and all of Germany at Blenheim; at Turin he gained northern Italy; at Oudenaarde and Malplaquet, the Netherlands. He lost only Spain, and that because of the political ineptitude of the emperor Charles VI.

Eugene’s battles were among the bloodiest encounters of that sanguinary period, his marches among the most exhausting, and his decisions in difficult situations among the most daring and successful known in the history of war. And yet there was something still greater and rarer than his generalship in 24 battles: his wisdom in regarding military victory as a mere instrument for achieving political ends. Eugene not only made conquests but also secured them, and in his creative hands the works of peace quickly blossomed forth.

During a span of 39 years he continued to lead the Emperor’s armies from the River Save all the way to Lombardy, through the Tirol back again to Bavaria and the Rhine, down once more to Hungary against the Turks, and back up again to Flanders. He was wounded 13 times. Even as he faced a world of foes before him, he had a world of enemies at his back, nourished by the “hereditary curse” of Austria: slothful souls and thoughtless minds, low intrigue, envy, jealousy, foolishness, and dishonesty. He served three emperors: Leopold I, Joseph I, and Charles VI. Toward the end of his life, Eugene observed that, whereas the first had been a father to him and the second a brother, the third (who was perhaps least worthy of so great a servant) had been a master.

Belgrade (1718) was Eugene’s most famous victory. In order to take the city, he had deployed his forces in a position that was both daring and dangerous. It was to no avail that others implored him again and again to withdraw the troops in order not to give the Turkish army—which was intent on raising the siege and which surrounded Eugene’s forces with a superiority of four to one—the chance to undo them all. Furthermore, Eugene’s soldiers were being decimated by disease. But he remained in position and, in a terrible battle that began in a thick fog in the dead of night, annihilated the relief army once the fog lifted at daylight. Capturing innumerable prisoners and the entire Turkish encampment, Eugene took the city shortly afterward.

Works

Worn out by the exertions of an active career, Eugene died in 1736. Posterity has endeavoured to add to his military glory the reputation of scientific, artistic, and literary interests. But, although he is known to have corresponded with the philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, his literary interests cannot have been overwhelming, because not one of the tens of thousands of volumes in his library (most of them preserved in the Nationalbibliothek in Vienna) bears any trace of having been much used, and they give the appearance of having been opened hardly at all in the more than 200 years since Eugene neglected to read them. Regarding his interest in architecture and painting, it may be said that, although he commissioned great artists to build and beautify his palaces, he involved himself in these matters no more than was expected of any great lord of his time. Aside from the enormous, in fact uncanny, talent with which he led the Emperor’s armies to victory, Eugene had a weakness for comic ruses. At the siege of Philippsburg, for example, he intended to change the course of the Rhine so that it would flow through the French camp, an idea that caused him to laugh uproariously; at Belgrade, he had the Austrian flotilla, which had lain at anchor above the city, move through various canals so that it suddenly appeared below the city. He also indulged in primitive soldiers’ pranks—a failing that made him many enemies among his victims. The only subject that held his attention as much as politics was finances, not only public monies (he was also imperial minister of finance) but also and especially his own—he had arrived in Austria with 25 guilders, and he left an estate of about 25,000,000.

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