Firishtah

Firishtah (born c. 1570—died c. 1620) was one of Muslim India’s most famous writers.

Very little is known about Firishtah’s life except that he was captain of the guard to Murtazā Niẓām Shāh, Muslim Indian ruler of Ahmadnagar (1565–88). It was during this period that Firishtah conceived his history of Indo-Muslim rulers and saints, which he wrote under the patronage of Ibrāhīm II, ʿĀdil Shāh, ruler of Bijāpur, in the Deccan (1579–1626), whose service he entered in 1589. Written in Persian, this history is called Golshan-e Ebrāhīmī (“The Garden of Ibrāhīm”; Eng. trans., Mahomedan Power in India). It is also known under the title Tārīkh-e Fereshteh (“Firishtah’s Chronicle”). The second of the two versions in which it was written often appears under still another title, the Nowras-nāmeh (“New Book”). The history covers the famous Muslim rulers of India from the 10th century to the time of the author and also contains an introduction with information concerning the famous Hindu rulers of the time, Hindu history, and a geography of the lands under Hindu control.

The work lost its status as an authority for early Indo-Muslim history, especially after historical criticism developed and independent copies of the Indo-Persian histories on which it was based became available. Firishtah’s chronicle, nevertheless, remains a valuable source for the history of the Muslim Deccan where he served. He is also known for his medical treatise, which is concerned with pharmacology and therapy techniques and which also contains information on physiology and the humours. It appears under two titles, Dastūr ol-Aṭebbāʾ (“Memorandum for Doctors”) and Ekhtīārāt-e Qāsemī (“Selections by Qāsim”).