Francisco de Sá de Miranda
- Born:
- Aug. 28, 1481?, Coimbra, Port.
- Died:
- May? 1558, Tapada
Francisco de Sá de Miranda (born Aug. 28, 1481?, Coimbra, Port.—died May? 1558, Tapada) was a Portuguese poet who introduced Renaissance poetic forms to Portugal.
The illegitimate son of a canon of Coimbra, Gonçalo Mendes de Sá, and Dona Inês de Melo, he was made legitimate in 1490. He studied at the university, which was then in Lisbon, and seems to have lived mainly in the capital until 1521, frequenting the royal court and taking part in the poetical improvisations there and, possibly, teaching at the university. The years from 1521 to 1526 he spent in Italy, visiting Milan, Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples, and Sicily. He made the acquaintance of Giovanni Ruccellai, Lattanzio Tolomei, and Jacopo Sannazzaro; he met the illustrious Vittoria Colonna, a distant connection of his family, and in her house he probably talked with Cardinal Pietro Bembo and Ariosto. By the time he returned home in 1526 he had become familiar with Italian verse forms and metres: the sonnet and canzone of Petrarch, the tercet of Dante, the ottava rima of Ariosto, the eclogue in the manner of Sannazzaro, and Italian hendecasyllabic verse. He did not, however, abandon the short national metre, which he carried to perfection in his Cartas, or epistles in verse.
His play Os estrangeiros (“The Foreigners”), written about 1527, was the first Portuguese prose comedy in the classical manner, and he wrote another, Os vilhalpandos, about 1528 (published 1560). His Cleópatra (written c. 1550), of which only a dozen lines are extant, was probably the first Portuguese classical tragedy. About 1528 Sá de Miranda made his first attempt to introduce the new Renaissance forms of verse by writing in Spanish a canzone entitled Fábula do Mondego (“Fable of the Mondego”), and this was followed a year or two later by the eclogue Alexo.
About 1530, the year he married, he left Lisbon finally and settled on his country estate in the Minho. It is in this later period that he produced his best work: the eclogue Basto, the Cartas, and the satires, in which he shows himself a stern critic of contemporary society. Some of the sonnets of this period combine a grave tenderness of feeling and refinement of thought with simplicity of expression.
Under Sá de Miranda’s influence, Portuguese poetry became higher in aim, purer in tone, and broader in sympathy. As well as introducing the poetic and dramatic forms and spirit of the Renaissance into Portugal, he made an austere stand against the growing materialism of this time.