Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock

Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (born July 2, 1724, Quedlinburg, Saxony [Germany]—died March 14, 1803, Hamburg) was a German epic and lyric poet whose subjective vision marked a break with the rationalism that had dominated German literature in the early 18th century.

Klopstock was educated at Schulpforta, a prestigious Protestant boarding school, where he read John Milton’s Paradise Lost in the translation by the influential Swiss critic Johann Jakob Bodmer. That experience prompted Klopstock to begin planning a great religious epic poem. In 1749 the first three cantos of his Der Messias (The Messiah), written in unrhymed hexameters, appeared in the Bremer Beiträge and created a sensation.

To fulfill what he considered his poetic mission, Klopstock left his studies at the University of Leipzig and became a private tutor at Langensalza, Thuringia. There he fell in love with a cousin, the “Fanny” of his odes. Disappointed in romance, he went to Zürich (1750), staying for six months with Bodmer.

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An invitation and an annuity from Frederick V of Denmark took him to Copenhagen, where he remained for 20 years. While there Klopstock composed historical plays dealing with the ancient Germanic hero Arminius. In 1754 he married Margarethe (Meta) Moller of Hamburg, who was the “Cidli” of his odes. Grief over her early death affected his creativity. A collection of his Oden (“Odes”) was published in 1771. In 1770 he retired to Hamburg, where the last five cantos of Der Messias were produced with waning inspiration three years later. In 1791 he married Johanna Elisabeth von Winthem, his first wife’s niece and a close friend for many years.

Although widely known as the author of Der Messias—the work was translated into 17 languages—Klopstock established his reputation chiefly as a lyric poet. The free verse forms he used in his hymnlike odes permitted a more natural and expressive use of language.