Henri, baron de Jomini

Henri, baron de Jomini (born March 6, 1779, Payerne, Switzerland—died March 24, 1869, Passy, France) was a French general, military critic, and historian whose systematic attempt to define the principles of warfare made him one of the founders of modern military thought.

Jomini began his military career by offering his services as a volunteer staff member in the French army in 1798. Returning to business in 1800 after the peace of Amiens, he wrote his Traité de grande tactique, later titled Traité des grandes opérations militaires (5 vol., 1805; Treatise on Grand Military Operations, 1865). Rejoining the army in 1804 as a volunteer, he was appointed staff colonel in 1805 by Napoleon, who had read his book. Jomini served under Marshal Michel Ney at the battles of Ulm (1805), Jena (1806), and Eylau (1806) and accompanied him to Spain in 1808. In 1810 Jomini began negotiating a contract of service with Russia, at that time France’s ally. His attempted resignation from the French army induced Napoleon to make him general of brigade. In 1813 he became chief of staff to Ney, who commanded the most important corps in the army. Nevertheless, Ney’s recommendation for Jomini’s promotion to general of division was rejected, and a superior officer who was prejudiced against Jomini put him under arrest for the tardy submission of a military report. Feeling himself unjustly treated, he left the French army in August 1813 and fought for Russia, then France’s enemy, serving as lieutenant general and aide-de-camp to Alexander I.

In 1826 Jomini became aide-de-camp to Nicholas I with the rank of general in chief. He fought against the Turks in 1828 and in 1830 organized the Russian military academy. Although retired, in 1837 he was appointed military tutor to the tsar’s son Alexander, for whom he wrote his greatest work, Précis de l’art de la guerre (1838; Summary of the Art of War, 1868). In 1854 he served as adviser to Tsar Nicholas on tactics during the Crimean War and in 1859 advised Emperor Napoleon III on the Italian expedition.

As a critic of military policy, Jomini succeeded for the first time in fixing divisions between strategy, tactics, and logistics. Primarily interested in strategy, he found the central problem in successful planning to be the choice of correct lines of operation by which a general could dominate the zone of operations in which he is engaged. His other works include Principes de la stratégie (3 vol., 1818; “Principles of Strategy”); Histoire critique et militaire des campagnes de la Révolution, de 1792 à 1801 (5 vol.; “Critical and Military History of the Campaigns of the Revolution from 1792 to 1801”); and Vie politique et militaire de Napoléon (4 vol., 1827; Life of Napoleon, 1864).