Horacio Quiroga

Horacio Quiroga (born December 31, 1878, Salto, Uruguay—died February 19, 1937, Buenos Aires, Argentina) was an Uruguayan-born short-story writer whose imaginative portrayal of the struggle of humans and animals to survive in the tropical jungle earned him recognition as a master of the short story. He also excelled in depicting mental illness and hallucinatory states, in stories that anticipate those of later 20th-century masters such as the American writer William Faulkner.

After travels in Europe during his youth, Quiroga spent most of his life in Argentina, living in Buenos Aires and taking frequent trips to San Ignacio in the jungle province of Misiones, which provided the material for most of his stories. He was a journalist for the greater part of his life, briefly a teacher and a justice of the peace. Such early works as the collection of prose and verse Los arrecifes de coral (1901; “The Coral Reefs”) show Quiroga’s imitation of then-fashionable literary devices. Soon, however, he found his own direction in the short story. He was influenced at first by 19th-century writers: from the United States the macabre visions of Edgar Allan Poe and from England the jungle settings of the stories by Rudyard Kipling.

Exploring his view of life as an endless struggle for survival, Quiroga depicted the primitive and the savage with exotic imagery in such collections as Cuentos de la selva (1918; Stories of the Jungle) and La gallina degollada y otras cuentos (1925; The Decapitated Chicken and Other Stories). The work generally recognized as his masterpiece, Anaconda (1921), portrays on several levels—realistic, philosophical, and symbolic—the battles of the snakes in the tropical jungle, the nonvenomous anaconda and the venomous viper.

Quiroga’s preoccupation with the short story as genre led him to publish the influential “Decalogo del perfecto cuentista” (“Decalogue of the Perfect Short-Story Writer”). Though perhaps tongue-in-cheek, his “commandments” preached what his own short stories exemplified: a model of perfection for Latin American writers.

Quiroga began to suffer from illness and chronic depression; his later writings reflect the overwhelming sense of futility that eventually led to his suicide in a charity hospital.