Huang Zunxian

Huang Zunxian (born April 27, 1848, Jiaying [now Meizhou], Guangdong province, China—died March 28, 1905, Jiaying) was a Chinese poet and government official who instituted both literary and social reforms.

Huang came from a wealthy merchant family; his father once served as governor in the ministry of finance. Frustrated several times in the civil service examination, Huang eventually earned his juren (“recommended man”) degree in 1876. Later that year he went to Japan as counselor to his townsman He Ruzhang, the newly appointed ambassador to Japan. In his career as a diplomat, Huang also traveled to the United States and England, expanding his outlook and accumulating new experiences to use in his poetry and prose. In 1897 he was appointed judicial commissioner of Hunan province, where he assisted the governor in carrying out new policies. When the reform efforts failed in 1898, he was forced to resign and return to Jiaying, where he devoted the rest of his life to writing.

Opposed to the archaism that had dictated literary forms since the Ming dynasty, Huang argued that poetry should reflect societal changes and that poets should not be restricted by outmoded conventions. He listened to the speech of the common people, reproducing it in his verse. Even more importantly, he borrowed from the styles and rhythms of local folk songs, incorporating these new patterns into his poetry. Huang’s use of vernacular Chinese and the folk-ballad style was a major breakthrough in Chinese verse. In addition, his rich experience traveling abroad informed his poetry; he was fully engaged with the modern world and mentioned subjects that had never before appeared in Chinese poetry, such as trains, steamboats, and Western science.

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