Ina Donna Coolbrith

Ina Donna Coolbrith (born March 10, 1841, Nauvoo, Ill., U.S.—died Feb. 29, 1928, Berkeley, Calif.) was a popular American poet of moderate talent who nonetheless became a major figure in literary and cultural circles of 19th- and early 20th-century San Francisco.

Coolbrith, a niece of Joseph Smith (the founder of Mormonism), was born in the first major Mormon settlement. Shortly thereafter her widowed mother took the family to live in St. Louis, Missouri. About 1851 the family traveled by wagon train to California, and young Josephine, on the saddle of famed scout James P. Beckwourth, became the first white child to cross Beckwourth Pass through the Sierra Nevadas. She attended school in the then small town of Los Angeles and in 1858 married Robert B. Carsley, from whom she was divorced three years later. By that time she had published a few poems in the local newspaper under the name Ina. In 1862, adopting the name Ina Donna Coolbrith (her mother’s maiden name), she moved to San Francisco, where she taught school and continued to write and publish and became a recognized member of the San Francisco literary group that included Bret Harte, Mark Twain, Ambrose Bierce, Charles W. Stoddard, and Cincinnatus H. Miller, whose nickname, Joaquin, she is said to have suggested. When Harte began editing the Overland Monthly in 1868, she became an editorial assistant. Her poems appeared not only in California publications but also in Harper’s, Scribner’s, and other national magazines, and the popularity of her verse spread to England.

While not of the first rank, Coolbrith’s work avoided sentimentality, didacticism, and stilted prosody. In 1874 she became a librarian in the Oakland Public Library, where she influenced promising youngsters such as Jack London and Isadora Duncan. In 1881 a volume of her poems entitled A Perfect Day was published by subscription. Ill health forced her to resign her library post in 1893, but from 1897 to 1899 she was librarian of the San Francisco Mercantile Library, and in 1899 she became librarian of the Bohemian Club, of which she was made an honorary member, the only woman ever so honoured. In 1894 she published The Singer of the Sea, and in 1895 a collection entitled Songs from the Golden Gate appeared. The earthquake and fire of April 1906 destroyed her home and much work in manuscript. She remained nonetheless a central feature of San Francisco’s cultural life, her home a popular salon for artists and writers. For the 1915 Panama Pacific Exposition she called a World Congress of Authors, and in that year she was designated poet laureate of California by act of the legislature.

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