Ishida Mitsunari

Ishida Mitsunari (born 1563, Ōmi Province, Japan—died Nov. 6, 1600, Kyōto) was a Japanese warrior whose defeat in the famous Battle of Sekigahara (1600) allowed the Tokugawa family to become undisputed rulers of Japan.

Distinguished in the service of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the warrior who reunified Japan after more than a century of civil war, Ishida was appointed head of a small fief and soon became one of the most prominent officials in the new government. After Hideyoshi’s death in 1598, Ishida maintained his government position, but real power was exercised by a council of five regents, acting in the name of Hideyoshi’s infant son Hideyori. Foremost among the regents was Tokugawa Ieyasu, and in 1599, when Ishida attempted to improve his own position by plotting to sow dissension among Japanese lords, several of Tokugawa’s retainers resolved to execute him, but Tokugawa spared his life.

The following year, however, Ishida persuaded Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of the five regents, to marshal his forces against Tokugawa. While Tokugawa’s troops were diverted fighting Uesugi in the north, Ishida rallied many of the other lords to his side and attacked the Tokugawa position from the rear. When several of Ishida’s crucial allies failed to commit their full strength to the battle, Tokugawa quickly returned from the north to deal a decisive defeat to Ishida’s troops at Sekigahara. Ishida’s capture and execution marked the last major opposition to Tokugawa rule, and in 1603 Tokugawa assumed the hereditary title of shogun, or military dictator, a post that was held by the Tokugawa family until 1868.