John Berger

John Berger (born November 5, 1926, London, England—died January 2, 2017, Antony, France) was a British essayist and cultural thinker as well as a prolific novelist, poet, translator, and screenwriter. He is best known for his novel G. and his book and BBC series Ways of Seeing.

Berger began studying art at the Central School of Arts and Crafts (now Central Saint Martins), but his education was interrupted by service in the British army during and just after World War II (1944–46). In 1946 he moved to London and studied drawing and painting at the Chelsea School of Art. By the 1950s he was also writing art criticism for publications such as the New Statesman and New Society. As an artist himself, Berger believed that great art should reflect society and that socialism inspired society’s “profoundest expectations” in the 20th century. He published his first novel, A Painter of Our Time, in 1958, which stemmed from his experience living among émigré artists in London. Permanent Red: Essays in Seeing, the first collection of his essays on art, was published in 1960. He was attracted to Cubism—Pablo Picasso and Fernand Léger in particular. In Berger’s controversial book The Success and Failure of Picasso (1965), he argued that Picasso’s Cubist paintings were progressive but that much of the artist’s other work represents the “failure of revolutionary nerve.” In Art and Revolution: Ernst Neizvestny and the Role of the Artist in the U.S.S.R. (1969), Berger admired Russian sculptor Ernst Neizvestny’s work for its contribution to “the world struggle against imperialism,” even though the Soviet Union found it unacceptable.

The versatile Berger wrote the text of A Fortunate Man: The Story of a Country Doctor (1967) and A Seventh Man (1975), about Europe’s migrant workers, both of which feature Jean Mohr’s photographs. He translated writings of Bertolt Brecht from German into English and of Aimé Césaire from French into English. G. (1972; winner of the Man Booker Prize), probably the best known of his novels, was praised for its clever details as well as for its portrayal of intricate sexual and interpersonal relationships. In 1972 Berger’s Ways of Seeing was produced by the BBC as a series of four 30-minute programs. The series and the subsequent book aimed at demystifying art history and revealed the sometimes-underlying ways in which meaning and ideology are conveyed through visual media. The book went on to become a key text in art history education into the 21st century.

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Berger moved to a small town in the Alps in 1974, where he would live for the next 40 years of his life. Beginning in the 1970s, with Swiss film director Alain Tanner, he wrote three screenplays. The best known among them was for the film Jonah Who Will Be 25 in the Year 2000 (1976), which takes place in Geneva and chronicles a small group of people who grapple with the changes brought about by the social and political unrest of 1968. While living in rural France, Berger wrote of his surroundings and the culture of French village life in the trilogy Into Their Labours (Pig Earth [1979], Once in Europa [1987], and Lilac and Flag: An Old Wives’ Tale of a City [1990]). Berger collaborated with Mohr again in 1982 with the book Another Way of Telling, which examines the ambiguous reality presented in photographs.

Berger began exhibiting his own drawings and paintings in 1994 in galleries in New York City and England. In the 1990s and 2000s Berger published numerous volumes, including the novels To the Wedding (1995), Photocopies (1996), and King: A Street Story (1999); the semiautobiographical Here Is Where We Meet (2005), and From A to X: A Story in Letters (2008; long-listed for the 2008 Man Booker Prize); and books of essays and art criticism such as The Shape of a Pocket (2001), Hold Everything Dear: Dispatches on Survival and Resistance (2007), Understanding a Photograph (2013), and Daumier: Visions of Paris (2013). In 2009 he received the Golden PEN Award, presented by English PEN to a writer whose “body of work has had a profound impact on readers.”