José Duarte Ramalho Ortigão

José Duarte Ramalho Ortigão (born Nov. 24, 1836, Porto, Port.—died Sept. 27, 1915, Lisbon) was a Portuguese essayist and journalist known for his mastery of Portuguese prose and his critical reflections on his native land.

Ortigão began his career as a teacher of French and as a contributor to the Jornal do Porto (“Porto Journal”) at the age of 19. In 1868 he moved to Lisbon to take up an appointment in the office of the Academia Real das Ciências (Academy of Sciences). In Lisbon he continued writing assiduously for Portuguese journals and established contact with the progressive intellectuals and writers Antero de Quental, Oliveira Martins, Eça de Queirós, and others. Ortigão and his lifelong friend, Queirós, started the satirical review As Farpas (“The Darts”) in 1871, and, after the departure overseas of Queirós late in 1872, Ortigão produced the review alone until 1888. In his hands, As Farpas gradually became less satirical and more didactic and descriptive, a vehicle for disseminating and popularizing such current intellectual doctrines as humanitarianism, positivism, and aesthetic realism.

Ortigão traveled widely throughout his life. His outstanding book is probably A Holanda (1885; “Holland”), in which he praises the mode of life and achievements of the Dutch people and upholds them as a model for the Portuguese. With advancing years his political outlook became more conservative; he was opposed to the revolution of 1910, which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic, and, in protest, resigned his public appointments as keeper of the Royal Ajuda Library and secretary to the Academia Real das Ciências. His complete works were published in 39 volumes (1943–49).