Joseph von Fraunhofer

Joseph von Fraunhofer (born March 6, 1787, Straubing, Bavaria [Germany]—died June 7, 1826, Munich) was a German physicist who first studied the dark lines of the Sun’s spectrum, now known as Fraunhofer lines. He also was the first to use extensively the diffraction grating, a device that disperses light more effectively than a prism does. His work set the stage for the development of spectroscopy.

Fraunhofer worked as an optician at the Untzschneider Optical Institute at Benedictbeuern, near Munich, of which he became manager in 1818. While measuring the light-bending properties of various kinds of glass, he noticed dark lines in the light spectrum of a sodium flame, and he continued looking for such lines in the spectra of other elements. Fraunhofer plotted hundreds of spectral lines, and by measuring their wavelengths he found that the relative positions of the lines in the spectra of elements are constant, whether the spectra are produced by the direct rays of the Sun or by the reflected light of the Moon and planets, by a gas, or by a heated metal in the laboratory. Beginning in 1815, he designed several heliometers, one of which was subsequently used in 1838 by German astronomer Friedrich Bessel to perform the first measurement of the distance between a star (61 Cygni) and Earth.