Mordecai Menahem Kaplan

Mordecai Menahem Kaplan (born June 11, 1881, Švenčionys, Lithuania—died Nov. 8, 1983, New York City) was an American rabbi, educator, theologian, and religious leader who founded the influential Reconstructionist movement in Judaism.

Kaplan emigrated with his family to the United States in 1889. After graduating from the College of the City of New York (1900) and Columbia University (1902), he was ordained (1902) at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Although Kaplan’s conception of the nature of Judaism diverged from that of the seminary, he maintained a long association with the institution, teaching there for 50 years; he also became principal of its teachers’ institute in 1909, dean in 1931, and dean emeritus in 1947. He retired in 1963.

In 1916 he organized the Jewish Centre in New York, a secular community organization with a synagogue as its nucleus, the first of its kind in the United States, and was its rabbi until 1922. In that year he established the Society for the Advancement of Judaism, which later became the core of the Reconstructionist movement. Reconstructionism was an attempt to adapt Judaism to modern-day realities that Kaplan believed created the necessity for a new conception of God. The movement was well defined in Kaplan’s book Judaism as a Civilization: Toward the Reconstruction of American-Jewish Life (1934). Its goals were further refined in subsequent works such as The Meaning of God in Modern Jewish Religion (1937), Judaism Without Supernaturalism (1958), and The Religion of Ethical Nationhood (1970). In 1935 the Reconstructionist, a biweekly periodical under Kaplan’s editorship, appeared and adopted the following credo: “Dedicated to the advancement of Judaism as a religious civilization, to the upbuilding of Eretz Yisrael [the Land of Israel] as the spiritual center of the Jewish People, and to the furtherance of universal freedom, justice, and peace.”

Kaplan was a coeditor of the Reconstructionist Sabbath Prayer Book (1945), in which, among other unorthodoxies, he denied the literal accuracy of the biblical text. As a result, the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada declared his theories unacceptable.