Nelson W. Aldrich
- In full:
- Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich
- Born:
- November 6, 1841, Foster, Rhode Island, U.S.
- Died:
- April 16, 1915, New York City, New York (aged 73)
- Also Known As:
- Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich
- Title / Office:
- United States Senate (1881-1911), United States
- Political Affiliation:
- Republican Party
Nelson W. Aldrich (born November 6, 1841, Foster, Rhode Island, U.S.—died April 16, 1915, New York City, New York) was an American Republican politician and financier who represented Rhode Island in the U.S. House of Representatives (1879–81) and later the Senate (1881–1911). His work on the Aldrich-Vreeland Currency Act of 1908 and his chairmanship of the National Monetary Commission (1908–12) helped prepare the way for the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.
Aldrich rose from the Providence Common Council through the Rhode Island legislature to the U.S. Congress. Meanwhile, he amassed a modest fortune through investments in banking, electricity, gas, rubber, and sugar.
In Congress, Aldrich was principally associated with the defense of the protective tariff and the gold standard, and opposition to any meaningful regulation of business. He emerged as the leader of the small coterie of Senate Republicans who dominated the party caucus and therefore determined the action of the Senate on most issues between 1895 and 1910. Through his influence, the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 were modified in a conservative direction.