Ramón María del Valle-Inclán

Ramón María del Valle-Inclán (born Oct. 28, 1866, Villanueva de Arosa, Spain—died Jan. 5, 1936, Santiago de Compostela) was a Spanish novelist, dramatist, and poet who combined a sensuous use of language with bitter social satire.

Valle-Inclán was raised in rural Galicia, and after attending law school and visiting Mexico City he settled in Madrid, where he became known for his colourful personality. He early came under French Symbolist influence, and his first notable works, the four novelettes known as the Sonatas (1902–05), feature a beautifully evocative prose and a tone of refined and elegant decadence. They narrate the seductions and other doings of a Galician womanizer who is partly an autobiographical figure. In his subsequent works Valle-Inclán developed a style that is rich in both popular and literary appeal, as in several plays featuring the patriarchal Don Juan Manuel de Montenegro and his brood of wild sons.

Some of Valle-Inclán’s later plays and novels are in the manner he called esperpento (“horrible, nauseating persons, or things”). This intentionally absurd and cruelly satirical style is intended to express the tragic meaning of Spanish life—which he saw as a gross deformation of European civilization—through the systematic distortion of classic heroes. The best of his esperpento plays are Luces de Bohemia (1920; “Lights of Bohemia”) and Los cuernos de Don Friolera (1921; “Don Friolera’s Horns”). His major novels of the later period include two works, La corte de los milagros (1927) and Viva mi dueño (1928), as well as an unfinished one, Baza de espadas (1958), that were part of an unfinished nine-volume cycle of historical novels collectively entitled El ruedo ibérico (1927–28; “The Iberian Circle”); the completed works deal with the political corruption and social degradation of Spain in the latter 19th century. Valle-Inclán’s novel Tirano Banderas (1926) is a vivid portrayal of a Latin-American despot.