Reies Tijerina

Reies Tijerina (born September 21, 1926, Fall City, Texas, U.S.—died January 19, 2015, El Paso, Texas) was an American radical and civil rights activist who led a land-grant movement in northern New Mexico from 1956 to 1976. Dubbed “King Tiger” and “the Malcolm X of the Chicano Movement,” Tijerina organized hundreds of Chicanos to demand repatriation of land confiscated by Anglo surveyors in violation of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. During the mid-1960s Tijerina gained international attention and expanded his campaign against discrimination, demanding first-class citizenship, economic opportunity, and the right to speak Spanish and preserve Chicano culture.

Tijerina began working with his migrant family in farmers’ fields at age four. Stories of Texas Rangers’ assaults on Mexicans and the near lynching of his grandfather by white racists shaped his political consciousness. At age 17 Tijerina met an itinerant preacher who enabled his attendance at an Assemblies of God Bible institute near El Paso, Texas. Upon his graduation as an ordained Pentecostal minister, Tijerina worked along the Texas-Mexico border, and in Arizona he helped establish a cooperative village, the Valley of Peace, with 19 other families in 1955. Accused of being the getaway driver in a failed attempt to free his brother from jail, Tijerina, with his family and some of his followers, fled to New Mexico in 1957. Two years later Tijerina joined families who had been dispossessed of their lands in the late 1800s in an appeal to the Mexican government to petition the United Nations to force U.S. compliance with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Although they were ultimately unsuccessful, that appeal served as a catalyst for Tijerina’s interest in land grants and the injustice he perceived in the historical dispossession of Chicanos and Latinos.

After researching land-grant titles in Mexico City and Spain, Tijerina popularized the land-grant movement during the early 1960s on a daily radio program, The Voice of Justice, and in a regular column in Albuquerque, New Mexico’s News Chieftain. In February 1963 Tijerina established La Alianza Federal de Mercedes (Federal Alliance of Land Grants). La Alianza’s first convention included 800 delegates representing 48 New Mexico land grants and voted to focus on two major grants in northern New Mexico: the Tierra Amarilla and the San Joaquín del Río de Chama.

La Alianza’s initial membership consisted primarily of the descendents of the original heirs, but the organization grew rapidly and gained national attention in October 1966 when members occupied the Echo Amphitheater, a natural rock formation that rests on the San Joaquín land. The group reclaimed the land as the Republic of San Joaquín and even arrested two forest rangers for trespassing. Since the organization could not afford to fund a trial, La Alianza charged the government with the burden of proving who owned the land. After five days La Alianza members turned themselves in, and five, including Tijerina, were charged with assault on government officials. Tijerina was released on bond. On June 5, 1967, La Alianza members raided the local courthouse in Tierra Amarilla in an attempt to perform a citizen’s arrest of the local district attorney for violating their civil rights and thwarting the organizing efforts of the Tierra Amarilla grant heirs.

After being arrested, tried, and acquitted for the Tierra Amarilla courthouse raid, Tijerina gained international attention and entered national civil rights politics, forming alliances with Black Power advocates and rising Chicano leaders and serving as the Latino leader of the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign. However, despite a defense of double jeopardy, Tijerina was sentenced to federal prison in La Tuna, Texas, in 1970 for his involvement in the courthouse raid and was later transferred to a mental hospital in Springfield, Missouri. La Alianza declined during his incarceration, and Tijerina was prohibited from holding any leadership position in the organization under the terms of his release in 1971. Although Tijerina continued to be involved with social justice, his religiously based ideals became increasingly anti-Semitic and alienated many of his supporters. Tijerina moved to central Mexico in 1994 after his New Mexico home burned in a fire; in 2006 he moved to El Paso, Texas. He published an autobiography, They Called Me “King Tiger”: My Struggle for the Land and Our Rights, in 2000.