Richard Boleslavsky

Richard Boleslavsky (born February 4, 1889, Dębowa Góra, Poland, Russian Empire [now in Poland]—died January 17, 1937, Los Angeles, California, U.S.) was a motion-picture and stage director who introduced the Stanislavsky method of acting to the United States. He directed such popular American films of the 1930s as Rasputin and the Empress (1932), Les Misérables (1935), and Theodora Goes Wild (1936).

Boleslavsky first acted onstage in Odessa in 1904, and in 1906 he entered the school of the Moscow Art Theatre (MAT) under director Konstantin Stanislavsky. In the Stanislavsky method of acting, playing a character onstage is as much a matter of delving into a character’s psychology and emotions as it is saying lines in a script. In 1909 Boleslavsky played the leading role of Belyayev in Stanislavsky’s famous production of Ivan Turgenev’s Mesyats v derevne (A Month in the Country) and was a teacher at the MAT’s First Studio, which trained actors in the Stanislavsky method.

(Read Lee Strasberg’s 1959 Britannica essay on Stanislavsky.)

His first film as a director was Ty yeshcho ne umesh lyubit (1915; “You Don’t Yet Know How to Love”). From 1915 to 1917, during World War I, he served in the Russian army as a cavalry officer. Boleslavsky left the Soviet Union in 1920 and acted and directed in Warsaw, Prague, Paris, and Berlin. He directed three films in Poland—among them Cud nad Wisłą (1921; Miracle on the Vistula), about the 1920 Battle of Warsaw during the Russo-Polish War—and acted in Carl Theodor Dreyer’s Die Gezeichneten (1922; Love One Another).

Boleslavsky emigrated to the United States in 1922. The MAT toured America in 1923, and he rejoined the company as an actor and Stanislavsky’s assistant. He delivered lectures on the Stanislavsky method, which persuaded art patrons Miriam and Herbert Stockton to found a theatre in New York City for him, the American Laboratory Theatre (“the Lab”). Through the Lab, Boleslavsky introduced the Stanislavsky method to the United States; after it closed in 1930, many of its alumni, such as Harold Clurman, Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, and John Garfield, went on to become part of the Group Theatre.

In 1929 Boleslavsky went to Hollywood. His first stop was at Columbia Pictures, where he made the mystery The Last of the Lone Wolf (1930). Then it was on to RKO for The Gay Diplomat (1931). Because of his Russian background, he was put under contract at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) specifically to direct Rasputin and the Empress (1932), which depicts the intrigue at the court of the last Russian tsar, Nicholas II. John Barrymore was Prince Chegodieff (a renamed Prince Feliks Yusupov, whose wife, Princess Irina, later successfully sued MGM for libel over the film’s depiction of her having been seduced by Rasputin), while Lionel Barrymore was Rasputin and Ethel Barrymore was the tsarina, Alexandra. It was the only film in which all three Barrymores appeared together. Next came the exotic Storm at Daybreak (1933), set in Hungary during World War I; in it a small-town mayor (Walter Huston) is betrayed by his wife (Kay Francis). Beauty for Sale (1933) was a pre-Production Code drama about a beauty-parlour worker (Madge Evans).

Fugitive Lovers (1934) was a far-fetched romantic drama, with an escaped prisoner (Robert Montgomery) and a chorus girl (Evans) drawn to each other while trying to escape their respective pursuers on a cross-country bus trip. In Men in White (1934) an idealistic young doctor (Clark Gable) is at loggerheads with his superficial society wife (Myrna Loy). Operator 13 (1934) was an American Civil War drama that centred on a Union spy (Marion Davies) disguised in blackface who falls for a Confederate officer (Gary Cooper). The Painted Veil (1934) starred Greta Garbo as a neglected wife who embarks on an affair with a diplomat in China.

Get Unlimited Access

Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more.

Subscribe

Boleslavsky moved to Twentieth Century-Fox for four pictures in 1935. Clive of India was a biopic of British colonial administrator Robert Clive (Ronald Colman). In Les Misérables Charles Laughton (in a notable performance) played police inspector Javert, who hounds bread thief Jean Valjean (Fredric March). The film was nominated for an Academy Award for best picture and is regarded as one of the best adaptations of Victor Hugo’s novel. Metropolitan was a showcase for opera star Lawrence Tibbett, and O’Shaughnessy’s Boy reteamed Wallace Beery and child star Jackie Cooper but did not match the success of such earlier vehicles as The Champ (1931).

Boleslavsky’s sentimental western Three Godfathers (1936) featured Chester Morris, Lewis Stone, and Walter Brennan as three outlaws caring for an abandoned infant. (It was remade in 1948 by John Ford.) The romantic romp Theodora Goes Wild (1936) is considered one of the greatest screwball comedies, in which small-town Sunday school teacher Theodora Lynn (Irene Dunne, Oscar-nominated) “goes wild” after she is revealed as the author of a racy best-selling novel. The Garden of Allah (1936) was a lavish picture, in Technicolor, with Charles Boyer as a monk fleeing his vocation who falls in love with a woman (Marlene Dietrich) wandering the Algerian desert on a voyage of self-discovery. Boleslavsky’s final film was The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1937), a sophisticated romantic mystery about a jewel thief (Joan Crawford). Boleslavsky died halfway through the production, and the film was completed by George Fitzmaurice and Dorothy Arzner.

Boleslavsky wrote a treatise on acting, Acting: The First Six Lessons (1933). He also described his experiences in World War I in his two autobiographical books, Way of the Lancer and Lances Down: Between the Fires in Moscow (both 1932, written with Helen Woodward).