Richard Fitzneale

Richard Fitzneale (born c. 1130—died Sept. 10, 1198) was the bishop of London and treasurer of England under kings Henry II and Richard I and author of the Dialogus de scaccario (“Dialogue of the Exchequer”).

Fitzneale was the son of Nigel, bishop of Ely (1133), and the great nephew of Roger, bishop of Salisbury, who had organized the exchequer under Henry I. His father, who was treasurer under Henry I and Stephen, purchased the office (c. 1158) for his son, who retained it until his death. Fitzneale’s name appears in the lists of itinerant justices for 1179 and 1194; he was also a judge of common pleas. He became archdeacon of Ely (c. 1160) and a canon of St. Paul’s. He eventually became dean of Lincoln not later than 1184 and bishop of London in 1189.

Fitzneale’s De necessariis observantiis scaccarii dialogus, commonly called the Dialogus de scaccario, is an account in two books of the procedure followed by the exchequer in the author’s time, a procedure which was largely the creation of his own family. Soon after the author’s death it was already recognized as the standard manual for exchequer officials. It was frequently transcribed and has been used by English antiquarians of every period, for it describes contemporary exchequer practice with detail and accuracy. The text of the Dialogus shows that its author also composed a chronicle of the reign of Henry II, arranged in three columns and thus named the Liber tricolumnis; the work is not extant.