Sanjō Sanetomi

Sanjō Sanetomi (born Jan. 3, 1838, Kyōto, Japan—died Feb. 18, 1891, Tokyo) was a radical court noble who was instrumental in the Meiji Restoration (1868), which ended the 264-year domination of Japan by the Tokugawa family and reestablished ruling authority with the emperor. After the restoration, Sanjō became an important leader of the new government.

In his youth he was a political leader of the court nobles gathered around the emperor. In 1862, when the emperor Kōmei tried to reassert his authority over the shogunate (the military dictatorship through which the Tokugawa family ruled Japan), Sanjō acted as the emperor’s messenger, ordering the shogun to expel all foreigners from the country. The next year, when Satsuma, one of the feudal fiefs into which Japan was then divided, effected a coup d’etat at the imperial court and forced the emperor to reverse his radical policy, Sanjō took shelter in the more sympathetic Chōshū domain in western Honshu.

After the restoration Sanjō was chief minister of the Council of State throughout most of the period between 1871 and 1885. Theoretically, that position revived the ancient and privileged role of imperial adviser. In fact, Sanjō served chiefly as spokesman for the bureaucracy that ruled in the name of the emperor Meiji.

In 1873, when the government faction seeking war with Korea pressed him for imperial approval, Sanjō was unable to bear the pressure of the decision and relinquished his post to his colleague Iwakura Tomomi, who was able to defeat the plans of the war party. Finally, in 1885, when the modern cabinet system was instituted in preparation for constitutional government, Sanjō was elevated to the post of lord keeper of the privy seal (naidaijin), a position above the cabinet entitling its holder to speak in the emperor’s name.