Stephen Wolfram

Stephen Wolfram (born August 29, 1959, London, England) is an English physicist and author best known for his contributions to the field of cellular automata and the development of Mathematica, an algebraic software system, and Wolfram Alpha, a search engine.

The son of a novelist and a philosophy professor, Wolfram attended Eton College (1972–76), from which he never graduated, and published his first scientific paper at age 15. He later studied at the University of Oxford (1976–78) and the California Institute of Technology (CalTech), where he earned a doctorate (1979) in theoretical physics at age 20. In 1981 he became the youngest recipient of a MacArthur Foundation fellowship, and later that year he began researching the origins of nature’s complexity. He taught at CalTech from 1980 to 1982. Throughout the 1980s Wolfram published a series of celebrated papers on what he dubbed “complex systems research.” During this period he taught at the Institute for Advanced Study (1983–86) in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1986 Wolfram established the Center for Complex Systems Research at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was also a professor of physics, mathematics, and computer science (1986–88).

He founded Wolfram Research, Inc., in 1987 and left academia the following year to concentrate on marketing Mathematica, a computer program he had devised that allowed complex mathematical equations to be manipulated and solved algebraically, rather than using numerical analysis to find approximate solutions. Software sales made the physicist a millionaire and allowed him to finance his own research. The release of the software was accompanied by a massive book, Mathematica: A System for Doing Mathematics by Computer (1988), which served as a user’s guide; it and the software have been updated through multiple editions. Wolfram continued to expand his company, opening branches worldwide. Wolfram also created a publishing house, Wolfram Media, Inc., in 1995.

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Physics and Natural Law

In 2002, after nearly 10 years of research, Wolfram published A New Kind of Science, in which he articulated his controversial views about the inadequacy of math-based science as a means of unlocking the secrets of the natural world. He posited that the complexity of nature could be better understood through the study of computer models based on cellular automata—including applications to all sorts of scientific endeavours, such as predicting the weather, growing artificial organisms, explaining stock market behaviour, and understanding the very origins of the universe. Nature, he argued, operates like a computer.

In 2009 Wolfram Research premiered Wolfram Alpha, a search engine designed to answer basic questions, especially those expressible in equations, using a large database rather than searching across the Internet. Wolfram released Wolfram Language, the programming language behind Mathematica, for general users in 2014. He wrote An Elementary Introduction to the Wolfram Language (2015) and an essay collection, Idea Makers: Personal Perspectives on the Lives & Ideas of Some Notable People (2016).