Tariq Aziz

Tariq Aziz (born April 28, 1936, Qaḍā Talkīf, Iraq—died June 5, 2015, Al-Nāṣiriyyah, Iraq) was an Iraqi public official who served as foreign minister (1983–91) and deputy prime minister (1979–2003) in the Baʿathist government of Saddam Hussein.

Tariq Aziz was born Mīkhāʾīl Yūḥannā to a Chaldean Catholic family in northern Iraq. He studied English at Baghdad University and worked as a journalist after earning his degree. Beginning in 1958, he wrote for a series of Iraqi newspapers, and he became involved with the Baʿath Party. He changed his Syriac-influenced name to Tariq Aziz to appeal to the party’s Arab nationalism, and he became acquainted with Saddam Hussein. Aziz worked for the Baʿathist press in Syria in the mid-1960s, a period that saw the party’s fortunes rise and fall frequently, and he was named chief editor of Al-Thawra, the party’s official newspaper, in 1969.

As the Baʿath Party secured its hold on power in the early 1970s, Aziz held a number of government positions. In 1972 he was made a member of the Revolutionary Command Council’s General Affairs Bureau, and two years later he was named minister of information. He held that post until 1977. In that year he was also elected as a Baʿath Party regional leader. On July 16, 1979, Saddam, who had functioned as Iraq’s de facto leader during the final years of Pres. Aḥmad Ḥasan al-Bakr’s rule, became president of Iraq, and Aziz was appointed deputy prime minister. Aziz would remain in that position for almost a quarter century, notable as the only Christian in Saddam’s inner circle of advisers. In April 1980 he survived an assassination attempt, reportedly orchestrated by Iran, that was later presented by Saddam as a casus belli for the Iran-Iraq War.

In January 1983 Aziz was made minister of foreign affairs, and it was in this role that the bespectacled cigar-smoking diplomat served as Iraq’s face to the Western world. He won U.S. support for the war against Iran, and, after meeting with U.S. Pres. Ronald Reagan in 1984, he secured the restoration of diplomatic relations between Iraq and the United States. Skillfully appealing to both sides in the Cold War, he also strengthened military and economic ties with the Soviet Union. With Iraq weakened by eight years of war, Saddam eyed the oil revenues of nearby Kuwait. Throughout 1989–90, as military conflict loomed, Aziz was dispatched to seek assurances of nonintervention from the United States and Arab countries. They were slow to materialize, and support for Iraq—even among its traditional allies—evaporated shortly after its August 2, 1990, invasion of Kuwait. During the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, Aziz appealed the Iraqi case to the United Nations, and his fluency in English made him a regular guest on Western news programs.

After the Persian Gulf War, which saw the Iraqi military routed and driven from Kuwait, Iraq found itself isolated diplomatically and economically, and Aziz was relieved of his foreign affairs portfolio. He remained deputy prime minister, however, and in this role he spent much of the next decade portraying Iraq as the victim of American designs on the Middle East. He played a much smaller role in the diplomatic maneuvering that preceded the beginning of the Iraq War in 2003, and he surrendered to U.S. forces shortly after the fall of Baghdad. He remained in U.S. custody from April 2003 to July 2010, when he was transferred to Iraqi custody. Like other senior Baʿathists, Aziz was tried on numerous charges, and in October 2010 he was sentenced to death for his role in the persecution of Shiʿi political parties during Saddam’s reign. His death sentence was never carried out, however, and he died in prison in 2015.