Uhuru Kenyatta

Uhuru Kenyatta (born October 26, 1961, Nairobi, Kenya) is a Kenyan businessman and politician who held several government posts before serving as president of Kenya from 2013 to 2022.

Early life

The son of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya’s first president, Uhuru was raised in a wealthy and politically powerful Kikuyu family. He attended St. Mary’s School in Nairobi, where he played as a winger for the school’s rugby team. He then went on to study political science and economics at Amherst College in Massachusetts. After his return to Kenya, he started a horticultural business that became quite successful. He also assumed some responsibility for managing his family’s extensive business holdings.

Political rise and ICC charges

Kenyatta became politically active in the 1990s. In 1997 he was chair of a local branch of the Kenya African National Union (KANU)—the longtime ruling party that his father had once led—and later that year ran unsuccessfully for a parliamentary seat. In spite of his loss, KANU leader and Kenyan Pres. Daniel arap Moi seemed intent on grooming him for a greater role in public service. He appointed Kenyatta to chair the Kenya Tourist Board in 1999, and the following year Kenyatta was given the additional task of chairing the Disaster Emergency Response Committee.

Kenyatta’s political profile rose considerably in October 2001, when he was nominated by President Moi to fill a parliament seat; Moi then elevated him to the cabinet as minister for local government a month later. In 2002 Kenyatta was elected as one of four vice-chairs of KANU. Also that year, he was named the KANU candidate for the presidency—a controversial move engineered by outgoing President Moi, who was ineligible to stand for another term and wanted someone of his own choosing to succeed him; many feared that Moi would continue to rule through Kenyatta if the younger man were elected. Moi’s machinations backfired, however, as some KANU members bristled at the lack of debate within the party regarding Kenyatta’s selection as Moi’s successor, and they left KANU to support opposition leader Mwai Kibaki, who handily defeated Kenyatta in elections held in December 2002. Kenyatta then assumed the position of leader of the opposition in parliament.

Kenyatta’s star continued to rise within KANU, and he was elected chairman of the party in 2005. In the run-up to Kenya’s next presidential election, held in December 2007, Kenyatta again threw his hat into the ring, but he withdrew his candidacy a few months before the election and opted instead to back Kibaki, who was running for reelection against Raila Odinga and several other challengers. When the election results showed that Kibaki had narrowly defeated Odinga, the outcome was rejected by many of the latter’s supporters and was followed by weeks of widespread violence along ethnic lines, with the Kikuyu, Kenya’s largest ethnic group, being both instigators and targets of violence. Kibaki initially named Kenyatta as minister of local government in January 2008, but in a coalition government formed in April Kenyatta was appointed deputy prime minister and minister of trade. The next year, he was moved from the ministry of trade and became the minister of finance.

Meanwhile, the International Criminal Court (ICC) had started an investigation into the violence that followed the December 2007 polls. In late 2010 Kenyatta was named by the ICC as being one of six suspects thought to be most responsible for instigating the postelection violence; he immediately disputed the allegations and proclaimed his innocence. In January 2012 the ICC announced that four of the six suspects, including Kenyatta, would face trial. They were charged with committing crimes against humanity; the charges included allegations that Kenyatta had helped mobilize and fund the Mungiki, a Kikuyu criminal gang, in the group’s attacks on Odinga’s supporters in the aftermath of the disputed election. Shortly after the charges were announced, Kenyatta resigned as minister of finance but remained in his post as deputy prime minister.

Presidency

The ICC charges did not dissuade Kenyatta from once again pursuing his aspirations for the presidency. Kenyatta and KANU parted ways in April 2012, and the next month Kenyatta launched a new party, The National Alliance (TNA). Later that year he and TNA became part of a multiparty alliance known as the Jubilee Coalition, which also included one of the other ICC suspects, William Ruto, and his United Republican Party. Kenyatta and Ruto campaigned together for the posts of president and deputy president, respectively. In light of the ICC proceedings, the eligibility of the two men to stand in the election was called into question by some, but in February 2013 the High Court of Kenya dismissed a case that sought to bar them from standing. Kenyatta went on to win the presidential election in the first round of voting, held on March 4, 2013, squeaking by with 50.07 percent of the vote. His nearest challenger was Odinga, who garnered 43.31 percent. Odinga did not at first concede. Citing what he deemed irregularities with the election, he filed a challenge to the results with Kenya’s Supreme Court. The court later upheld the election results, and Odinga conceded. Kenyatta was sworn in as president on April 9, 2013.

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By the time of the 2013 election, Kenyatta had an estimated net worth of $500 million, making him one of Kenya’s richest citizens. Among his family’s considerable business holdings were ventures in the areas of media, banking, tourism, insurance, and dairy. He and his family also owned more than 500,000 acres of land in Kenya, much of which had been acquired by his father during a postcolonial land-transfer program. Their real estate holdings made the family one of the largest landowners in a country where landownership disputes were a long-standing source of resentment among people whose families had been displaced during the colonial era.

As president, Kenyatta had to deal with the increasing threat from al-Shabaab, an Islamic militant group based in neighbouring Somalia and angered over Kenya’s military involvement against them in that country. In retaliation, the group launched a number of deadly attacks on Kenyan soil. Domestically, Kenyatta presided over the implementation of a new government administrative unit of counties, which replaced the previous unit of provinces, as well as fielded complaints of poor government, corruption, and insecurity.

Kenyatta continued to face charges at the ICC. Although the trial of his deputy president, Ruto, began in September 2013, Kenyatta’s trial was repeatedly delayed. The defense claimed that there was not a strong enough case against him and that the charges should be dropped, while the prosecution complained of a lack of cooperation from Kenyan officials in gathering evidence. In December 2014 the ICC prosecution dropped all charges against Kenyatta, claiming that the Kenyan government had obstructed the ICC in the gathering of critical evidence and citing the widespread intimidation of its witnesses, both of which had hampered the prosecution’s case. ICC judges formally approved the withdrawal of charges and terminated the case proceedings in March 2015. They noted, however, that ICC prosecutors could reinstate charges at any time if there was evidence to support such a course of action.

In preparation for the 2017 elections, the parties that constituted Kenyatta’s Jubilee Coalition dissolved and then re-formed as one political organization, the Jubilee Party, in September 2016. Kenyatta was the flag bearer for the new party, with Ruto again serving as his running mate. In the August 8, 2017, presidential election, Kenyatta was reelected with more than 54 percent of the vote. His nearest challenger was again Odinga—this time representing a coalition of opposition parties called the National Super Alliance (NASA)—who trailed him with about 45 percent.

In a stunning turn of events, however, Kenyatta’s reelection was overturned on September 1 when the Supreme Court nullified the results of the presidential poll and ordered a new election, which was to be held within 60 days. The ruling was in response to a petition that Odinga and NASA had filed with the court, alleging that the results of the presidential election had been manipulated and were therefore compromised and should be nullified. Kenyatta, although initially saying that he disagreed with the ruling but would respect it, soon had harsh words for the judges involved in the decision, calling them crooks and referring to them as a problem that he would fix after his reelection.

The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) scheduled the date of the new election for October 17, but, after the Supreme Court released its detailed ruling on September 20 regarding the specific reasons why it had annulled the August presidential election, the IEBC pushed the date back to October 26 in order to provide the commission with more time to address the shortcomings cited by the court. The ruling criticized the conduct of the IEBC and noted many concerns with the vote tallying and transmission process cited by NASA that the judges felt had affected the validity of the election.

As the October 26 poll date grew closer, tensions rose in the country. Kenyatta and Ruto campaigned for the upcoming election while NASA and Odinga pressed the IBEC to make what they deemed necessary changes to ensure that a credible election could be conducted; they also held regular demonstrations to show support for making the aforementioned changes. The IEBC said that some of the requested changes had occurred but that others were not possible, given the time constraints and other limitations affecting the commission’s work. Meanwhile, Kenyatta’s Jubilee Party quickly passed a bill with two controversial election-related amendments in the National Assembly and sent it to Kenyatta to sign into law. The amendments, which were criticized by NASA and others, included measures such as limiting the judiciary’s ability to void an election and allowing a candidate to automatically be declared the winner of a contested post if the other candidate withdrew from an election. Although Kenyatta never signed the amendments bill, it automatically became law in November.

Uncertainty regarding the upcoming presidential poll spiked on October 10, when Odinga withdrew from it. Although Odinga believed that the IEBC would now need to abandon the poll and call for fresh elections to be held in 90 days, Kenyatta insisted that the presidential election would take place on October 26 as scheduled, with the IEBC appearing to agree with him. The future of the election grew more uncertain when, a week later, an IEBC member fled the country and resigned from the commission after receiving threats to her life. She claimed that there was no way for the IEBC to provide a credible election under the current circumstances, an assessment with which the head of the IEBC later agreed. A last-minute petition to the Supreme Court attempting to halt the poll failed when not enough of the court’s justices showed up for the hearing. Nonetheless, the election proceeded on October 26 as planned. Kenyatta won handily, taking about 98 percent of the vote. His victory, however, was clouded by the circumstances surrounding the election: Odinga’s withdrawal, a call by NASA for Kenyans to boycott the poll, and the fact that voting was unable to take place in some NASA-dominated areas for security reasons—all of which led to a low turnout that was less than half that of the August election..

As was the case with the August election, the validity of the October poll was challenged, though this time NASA was not one of the parties that filed petitions with the Supreme Court. The court dismissed the challenges and upheld Kenyatta’s victory, paving the way for him to be sworn in for his second term on November 28, 2017.

In an unexpected turn of events, Kenyatta and Odinga appeared together in March 2018, shaking hands and apparently having reconciled. After “the handshake,” as it became known, the two collaborated on the Building Bridges Initiative (BBI), a task force that met with citizens from all walks of life in Kenya to identify the country’s primary challenges and then recommend solutions. In November 2019 the BBI released its report and recommendations, including many that would allow for a greater sharing of power among Kenya’s many ethnic groups. The recommendations were incorporated into a constitutional amendment bill, which passed in both houses of parliament in May 2021. Before it could be put to a public referendum, however, the constitutionality of the amendment bill was challenged in the courts. The bill’s critics—of whom Kenyatta’s deputy president, Ruto, was one—had several complaints about the BBI process and resulting amendment bill, such as that it would be too expensive implement, was nothing more than a political power play, and violated the constitution. Indeed the bill was struck down as being unconstitutional in both the High Court and the Court of Appeals that year, a key reason being Kenyatta’s involvement in the process: he had used a constitutional provision for initiating amendments that was designated for ordinary citizens, not an executive leader like himself. The case made its way to the Supreme Court, which in March 2022 also ruled that the amendment bill was unconstitutional for the same reason, thus halting the efforts to implement the BBI recommendations by changing the constitution. The court’s ruling was a blow to Kenyatta.

Meanwhile, the country prepared for the August 2022 general election. As Kenyatta was constitutionally obligated to step down after serving two terms, he would not be able to stand in the presidential poll. His relationship with his deputy president and previous heir apparent, Ruto, had deteriorated during his second term, so much so that months before the election, he declared Ruto to be unfit for the presidency and instead threw his support to Odinga, who was running for president as the flag-bearer of the Azimio la Umoja alliance that included Kenyatta’s Jubilee Party. Undaunted, Ruto stood as the presidential candidate for the United Democratic Alliance party, part of the broader Kenya Kwanza alliance, and was elected by a narrow margin. Kenyatta stepped down at the end of his term on September 13, 2022.