Vasily Shuysky

Vasily (IV) Shuysky (born 1552—died Sept. 12, 1612, Gostynin, near Warsaw) was a boyar who became tsar (1606–10) during Russia’s Time of Troubles.

A member of an aristocratic family descended from Rurik, the legendary founder of the dynasty that ruled Russia until 1598, Vasily Shuysky achieved prominence in 1591 when he conducted the investigation of the death of Dmitry Ivanovich, the brother and heir of Tsar Fyodor I (ruled Russia 1584–98) and determined that the nine-year-old child had killed himself with a knife while suffering an epileptic fit. In 1605, however, after Boris Godunov, Fyodor’s chief adviser and his brother-in-law, had become tsar and a pretender claiming to be Prince Dmitry had appeared, Shuysky reversed himself and, declaring that Dmitry had escaped death in 1591, supported the pretender’s claim to the throne. When Boris died in April 1605, Shuysky instigated a movement to murder Boris’ son Fyodor II and swore allegiance to the first False Dmitry.

Shortly after Dmitry had been crowned, Shuysky reversed his position again and, accusing the new tsar of being an impostor, engaged in a plot to overthrow him. After a brief period of banishment, he organized a group of boyars opposed to the pretender, provoked a popular riot, and assassinated Dmitry. On May 29 (May 19, old style), 1606, Shuysky was named tsar of Russia.

Hoping to avoid challenges from future pretenders, Vasily ordered that the remains of Prince Dmitry be brought to Moscow and had the late tsarevich canonized (June 1606). He also proclaimed his intentions to rule justly and in accord with the boyar Duma (an advisory council). Nevertheless, opposition to his regime mounted. Although he succeeded in suppressing a rebellion of Cossacks, peasants, and gentry (October 1607), he was unable to prevent the second False Dmitry, who had gained support from Poles, anti-Shuysky boyars, and many of the defeated rebels, from establishing a court and government at Tushino that rivalled Vasily’s (spring 1608). Only with aid obtained from Sweden was Vasily able to restore his control over northern Russia and force the pretender to withdraw from Tushino (January 1610). But Sweden’s intervention provoked a Polish declaration of war against Vasily. When Moscow was threatened by a Polish advance, as well as by a renewed offensive of the second False Dmitry, the Muscovites rioted, and an assembly, consisting of both aristocratic and common elements, deposed Vasily (July 1610), who was forced to take monastic vows.