Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchayev

Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchayev (born Feb. 17 [March 1, New Style], 1846, Milyukovo, Russia—died Oct. 26 [Nov. 8], 1903, St. Petersburg, Russia) was a Russian geomorphologist and early soil scientist.

In 1872 Dokuchayev became curator of geology at the University of St. Petersburg; in 1879 he joined the geology faculty and instituted the first course in Quaternary geology taught at a university. From 1892 to 1895 he reorganized and directed the Novo-Aleksandr Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, adding departments of soil science and plant physiology. He organized soil surveys throughout most of Russia and introduced the term chernozem to describe the black soil, rich in carbonates and humus, that occurs in the temperate latitudes of Russia. Dokuchayev viewed soil as the result of interaction between climate, bedrock, and organisms. In 1898 he introduced a classification of Russian soils that showed that similar bedrocks give rise to different soils, depending on climate. His emphasis on interactions among bedrock, climate, and organisms anticipated the biome theory.