Quick Facts
Wade-Giles romanization:
Yüan-ti
Personal name (xingming):
Liu Shi
Born:
75, China
Died:
33 bc, China
Title / Office:
emperor (48BC-32BC), China
House / Dynasty:
Han dynasty
Notable Family Members:
father Xuandi

Yuandi (born 75, China—died 33 bc, China) was the posthumous name (shi) of the ninth emperor (reigned 49/48–33 bc) of the Han dynasty (206 bcad 220). He ardently promoted and helped firmly establish Confucianism as the official creed of China.

Although Confucianism had been made the state cult of China in 136 bc, previous emperors had often disregarded its teachings. The Yuandi emperor, however, not only wholeheartedly supported Confucianism, but he also appointed its adherents to important government posts, where they did much to lessen government expenses and to improve the welfare of the people.

Yuandi’s failure to check the power of his eunuch secretaries, however, contributed to the interruption and eventual ruin of the Han dynasty. Moreover, believing himself exercising Confucian filial piety, he gave great power to the family of his empress dowager, a member of the Wang clan. Wang family members were appointed to high government posts and allowed to dominate the government. Yuandi’s son and successor, the Chengdi emperor (reigned 33–7 bc), continued to promote members of his mother’s family, and it was her nephew Wang Mang who interrupted the Liu family’s succession in the Han by seizing power and declaring himself emperor in ad 9.

Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon in Coronation Robes or Napoleon I Emperor of France, 1804 by Baron Francois Gerard or Baron Francois-Pascal-Simon Gerard, from the Musee National, Chateau de Versailles.
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Wade-Giles romanization:
Han
Top Questions

What is the Han dynasty?

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When was the Han dynasty founded?

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Han dynasty, the second great imperial dynasty of China (206 bce–220 ce), after the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce). It succeeded the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce). So thoroughly did the Han dynasty establish what was thereafter considered Chinese culture that “Han” became the Chinese word denoting someone who is ethnically Chinese.

History of the Han dynasty

The dynasty was founded by Liu Bang, later the Gaozu emperor (reigned 206–195 bce), a man of humble birth who led the revolt against the repressive policies of the preceding short-lived Qin dynasty. The Han copied the highly centralized Qin administrative structure, dividing the country into a series of administrative areas ruled by centrally appointed officials and developing a salaried bureaucracy in which promotion was based primarily on merit. Unlike the Qin, however, the Han adopted a Confucian ideology that emphasized moderation, virtue, and filial piety and thereby masked the authoritarian policies of the regime.

So successful was that policy that the Han lasted longer than any other Chinese empire, reigning—with a short interruption when Wang Mang temporarily usurped the throne and established the Xin dynasty (9–25 ce)—for more than 400 years. Eleven members of the Liu family followed in the Gaozu emperor’s place until 6 ce (a 12th briefly occupied the throne as a puppet). In 25 ce the authority of the Han dynasty was reaffirmed by Liu Xiu (posthumous name Guangwudi), who reigned as Han emperor until 57. Thirteen of his descendants maintained the dynastic succession until 220, when the rule of a single empire was replaced by that of three separate kingdoms. (See Three Kingdoms [Sanguo].)

Some scholars divide the Han into two sections. The period before Wang Mang’s usurpation—when the capital was in the western Chinese city of Chang’an (now Xi’an, Shaanxi province)—is called the Qian (Former), or Xi (Western) Han (206 bce–25 ce), and the period after Wang Mang—when the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang (in present-day Henan province—is named the Hou (Later), or Dong (Eastern), Han (25–220 ce). The four centuries in question, however, may be treated as a single historical period by virtue of dynastic continuity, for, apart from the short interval of 9–25, imperial authority was unquestionably vested in successive members of the same family, although the period was one of considerable changes in imperial, political, and social development. Organs of government were established, tried, modified, or replaced, and new social distinctions were brought into being. Chinese prestige among other peoples varied with the political stability and military strength of the Han house, and the extent of territory that was subject to the jurisdiction of Han officials varied with the success of Han arms. At the same time, the example of the palace, the activities of government, and the growing luxuries of city life gave rise to new standards of cultural and technological achievement.

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