al-Rashīd

al-Rashīd (died 1672, Marrakech, Mor.) was the founder (1666) of the reigning ʿAlawī (Filālī) dynasty of Morocco. By force of arms he filled a power vacuum that, with the collapse of the Saʿdī dynasty, had allowed half a century of provincial and religious warfare between rival Sufi (see Sufism) marabouts, or holy men, and the rulers of various sheikhdoms.

In 1664 Mawlāy al-Rashīd succeeded his brother Muḥammad, who for 30 years had tried to carve out a principality in northeastern Morocco. Obtaining funds through the murder of a wealthy Jew, al-Rashīd gathered a force of Arab and Amazigh (Berber) mercenaries and imposed his rule in the east. He set up a provisional capital at Taza, in a gap in the Rif Mountains overlooking the Atlantic plain. In 1666 al-Rashīd’s army spilled down the gap and seized Fès, the capital of the powerful religious brotherhood of Dila. Al-Rashīd proclaimed himself sultan and thus formally establishing the ʿAlawī dynasty. From Fès he proceeded to conquer the north, plundered and razed the Dila monastery, and seized control of Morocco’s Atlantic seaboard from its ruling marabouts. Turning his attention southwest, he occupied Marrakech in 1669 and conquered the Sous region and the Anti-Atlas Mountains.

By ruthlessly crushing the power of the religious brotherhoods and forcibly uniting most of the country’s warring tribes under one dynasty, Mawlāy al-Rashīd set the political configuration for what became modern Morocco. He died suddenly of an accident, however, before he could consolidate his rule. He bequeathed to his brother Ismāʿil the problems of subjugating the hostile Imazighen of the Atlas Mountains and wresting control of vital seaports from European powers.