Siege of Rhodes
- Date:
- June 1522 - December 1522
- Participants:
- Hospitallers
- Ottoman Empire
- Key People:
- Süleyman the Magnificent
Led by Süleyman the Magnificent, the Siege of Rhodes in June–December 1522 was the second attempt by the Ottoman Empire to defeat the Knights Hospitaller and take control of Rhodes. Control of the Greek island would consolidate Ottoman control of the eastern Mediterranean.
Selim I had vastly expanded Ottoman territory in the Muslim Middle East. His successor, Süleyman, now took the Christians as his target. Süleyman learned from a failed attempt of 1480 to take Rhodes: this time the Ottomans doubled the size of their fleet to more than 300 ships and, along with a force of 75,000, besieged the island in June 1522, blockading the harbor and bombarding the town.
The walls had been strengthened after the first siege but, after several weeks, the cannons breached a section, allowing the Ottomans to launch an attack on an English contingent of knights. For a day the Ottomans attacked, but English and German knights repelled them. After attacks on other parts of the ramparts failed, the Ottomans decided to explode mines under the walls, but these attacks were repelled, too, thwarted by a Venetian engineer named Gabriel Tadino. In early December the bombardment ceased while the two sides negotiated. However, peace talks broke down, and the bombardment continued with increased ferocity after more artillery was brought in from Anatolia.
The Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, Philippe Villiers de L’Isle-Adam, could see that the situation was hopeless and surrendered on December 18 to avoid loss of civilian life. Süleyman was generous, in recognition of the bravery of the defenders, and he exempted the citizens of Rhodes from paying taxes for the next five years. In late December, the knights marched out of the town carrying their banners and were transported safely to Crete aboard Ottoman ships. Although costly, the capture of Rhodes was a significant victory for the Ottomans. The Knights Hospitaller relocated to Malta, for which reason they are familiarly known as the Knights of Malta.
Losses: Ottoman, 25,000 of 75,000; Knight Hospitaller, 3,000 of 7,500.
