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9 Britannica Articles That Explain the Meaning of Life

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While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
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Written by
Richard Pallardy
Richard Pallardy received a B.A. in English from Illinois State University in 2005. He was a research editor with Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. from 2008 to 2016 and worked on Britannica Blog from 2010...
Richard Pallardy
Fact-checked by
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Spiral Galaxy type Sa-Sb or Sa/Sb in the constellation Virgo. The majestic Sombrero Galaxy Messier 104 (M104) or NGC 4594. The team took six pictures of the galaxy, stitched them together to create the final composite image. Photo from May-June 2003
NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

The articles in this list don’t have all the answers. However, they serve as a useful primer on the basics—what we know about the universe and how our species evolved, how we perpetuate ourselves, and how we die, and the logical tools we use to understand our world. You’re just a click away from understanding.

  • universe

    The Sagittarius Star Cloud: A Sky Full of Glittering Jewels; NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has given us a keyhole view towards the heart of our Milky Way Galaxy, where a dazzling array of stars reside. Most of the view of our galaxy is obscured by dust. H
    Sagittarius Star CloudThe Sagittarius Star Cloud as seen through the Hubble Space Telescope.
    The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA)

    The universe is 13.7 billion years old. Earth formed, at the earliest, 4.6 billion years ago. You’re what, 85 years old, max? Ponder thy own significance. Ouch, right? I mean, uh, behold the grandeur of the cosmos…pretty telescope pics. Yay!

  • life

    geologic time scale, prehistoric life
    timeline of life on EarthOver hundreds of millions of years, life spread through the seas and over Earth's surface. The first life-forms were small and simple. Later forms were more complicated and diverse.
    Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

    You might be slogging through the waking death of your work day, or catatonically staring at the screen during your “study break” so let me assure you: you are, in fact, alive. How did that happen? Check out Britannica’s fantastic article on life, written by Carl Sagan, Lynn Margulis, and Dorion Sagan. YOLO, indeed.

  • death

    "A Dance of Death," woodcut print, c. 1493, found in book "Registrum huius operis libri cronicarum cu [cum] figuris et imagibus [imaginibus] ab inicio mudi [mundi" Hartmann Schedel and Michael Wolgemut
    dancing skeletonsA Dance of Death is a woodcut print from about 1493.
    "Registrum huius operis libri cronicarum cu [cum] figuris et imagibus [imaginibus] ab inicio mudi [mundi" by Hartmann Schedel and Michael Wolgemut, 1493/Archive.org

    You are, however, going to die. I’m not saying it’ll be anytime soon, but it’s going to happen. If you’re not, I’ll have what you’re having. Either way, brush up your understanding of mortality with Britannica’s article on death. It’s sure to come in handy. Unless you’re reading this on your phone while stepping into traffic…

  • evolution

    Title page of "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" or "The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life," by Charles Robert Darwin; London: J. Murray, 1859.
    Darwin: On the Origin of SpeciesTitle page of the 1859 edition of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
    Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-95224)

    Speaking of natural selection…how did we evolve from single-celled organisms? What forces shaped the plants and animals around us? Until we achieve the singularity and you can just upload this article to your brain, scroll through Britannica’s coverage of evolution to find out.

  • human

    Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man. Vitruvius, architecture, proportion, art.
    Leonardo da Vinci: Vitruvian ManVitruvian Man, drawing by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1490; in the Galleries of the Academy of Venice.
    © Creatas/Getty Images

    Still with me, fellow primate? I know Sartre said “Hell is other people”—and may have had a point—but it couldn’t hurt to learn a little more about your fellow naked apes. Could it? Find out when you browse Britannica’s article on human evolution.

  • sex

    Ciro FERRI, Triumph of Bacchus, date unknown, oil on canvas; 141 cm x 205.7 cm (55 1/2 in. x 81 in.)
    Ciro Ferri: Triumph of BacchusTriumph of Bacchus, oil on canvas by Ciro Ferri, 17th century. 141 × 205.7 cm.
    In a private collection

    In this very special article, Britannica covers it all. Meiosis. Budding. Parthenogenesis. All 50 shades and then some, people.

  • genetics

    DNA Sequencing on a computer monitor. DNA configurations. genetics genetic code DNA molecule chromosomes structure of DNA human genome binary code genes model genetic research healthcare Homepage blog 2011, science and technology, history and society
    DNA sequencingA nucleotide sequence determined using DNA sequencing technologies.
    © Ryan McVay—Photodisc/Getty Images

    Why can’t I clone myself and have him finish this list? Putting aside the fact that any clone of mine would laugh in my face and then probably unplug my computer out of spite, we’re just not there yet. At least as far as we know… But people are doing all kinds of crazy stuff with genetics. Read more…

  • epistemology

    First edition of "The Encyclopaedia Britannica." (see also asset 181209 for same image on brown background with shadows)
    first edition of the Encyclopædia BritannicaFirst edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, published 1768–71.
    Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

    Do you really know what you know? And what’s that worth? Check out Britannica’s coverage of epistemology, the study of the limits of human knowledge, to find out.

  • logic

    Detail of a Roman copy (second century BC) of a Greek alabaster portrait bust of Aristotle (c. 325 BC); in the collection of the Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome.
    AristotleDetail of a Roman copy (2nd century bce) of a Greek alabaster portrait bust of Aristotle (c. 325 bce); in the collection of the Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome.
    © A. Dagli Orti—De Agostini/Getty Images

    Now, check yourself. Are your beliefs logical? Review the basic principles of logic with Britannica’s article on the subject.