Armenian, member of a people with an ancient culture who originally lived in the region known as Armenia, which comprised what are now northeastern Turkey and the Republic of Armenia. Although some remain in Turkey, more than three million Armenians live in the republic; large numbers also live in Georgia as well as other areas of the Caucasus and the Middle East. A large number lived in Azerbaijan until the late 1980s, when most Armenians fled the country because of ethnic violence and the conflict over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region; other than a sizeable population in the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave, few Armenians remain in Azerbaijan. Many other Armenians migrated to Europe and North America.

The Armenians are the descendants of a branch of the Indo-Europeans. The ancient Greek historians Herodotus and Eudoxus of Rhodes related the Armenians to the Phrygians—who entered Asia Minor from Thrace—and to the peoples of the ancient kingdom upon whom the Phrygians imposed their rule and language. Known to the Persians as Armina and to the Greeks as Armenioi, the Armenian people call themselves Hayq (singular: Hay) and their country Hayastan, and they look back to a folk hero, Hayk.

Linguists classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The majority of Armenians belong to the Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church. A small but not insignificant number belong to the Armenian branch of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Armenia: Ancient and premodern Armenia

Until the early 20th century the Armenians were primarily an agricultural people. From 1930 to 1990, however, considerable industrial development took place in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, and by the late 20th century two-thirds of the population of the republic, which was about nine-tenths Armenian, had become urbanized. This urban trend has also predominated among Armenians who migrated to Europe and North America.

The ancient Armenian culture found expression in architecture, painting, and sculpture. The periods of greatest artistic activity tended to correspond to those of national independence or semi-independence, but, for the most part, this activity had reached its high point by the end of the 14th century. Armenian literature continued to develop after that period and witnessed a strong revival during the 19th century in the face of Turkish and Russian domination. Armenian writers did much to awaken the national consciousness of the Armenians, who became increasingly impatient with foreign rule. Growing nationalism on the part of Armenians provoked massacres by the Turks and confiscations by the Russians. The greatest single disaster was the Armenian Genocide, which occurred during World War I. In 1915 the Ottoman government, regarding the Armenians as a dangerous foreign element, decided to deport the entire Armenian population of eastern Anatolia to Syria and Mesopotamia. Most estimates of the total number of Armenians killed en route, either by troops and police or by starvation and disease, range from 600,000 to 1,500,000. The Turkish government rejects the characterization of these events as genocide, contending that although some atrocities took place, there was no policy of extermination.