Cartagena
Cartagena, port city, in the provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Murcia, southeastern Spain. It is the site of Spain’s chief Mediterranean naval base. Its harbour, the finest on the east coast, is a deep spacious bay dominated to seaward by four hills crowned with forts and approached by a narrow entrance guarded by batteries. The outer bay is sheltered by Escombrera Island.
The city was founded in the 3rd century bce on the site of an ancient Iberian settlement by the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal. Its name, like that of its mother city, Carthage, was derived from the Phoenician Kart-hadasht (“New Town”). In addition to its natural port, Cartagena was strategically important to both Carthage and Rome because of its proximity to rich silver mines. The area east of the city—near modern La Unión—produced tons of silver as well as lead and contributed greatly to the wealth of Carthage, helping to pay off the war penalty imposed by Rome after the First Punic War. Silver from Cartagena also helped fund the Second Punic War, and the city served as the depot for much of the bullion that was to be shipped to Carthage. The Carthaginians believed the city to be largely secure, because it was surrounded on three sides by water, but the northern side was subject to tidal fluctuations and proved indefensible. Publius Cornelius Scipio (later surnamed Africanus) exploited this vulnerability and captured Cartagena in 209 bce. The loss of the city deprived Carthage of much of Spain’s wealth, and, as a new Roman outpost, Cartagena contributed greatly to Rome’s conquest of Spain. It soon flourished as the Carthago Nova of the Romans. In 425 it was pillaged by the Goths. Cartagena was a bishopric from about 400 to 1289, when the see was removed to Murcia. Under the Moors it became an independent principality, which was destroyed by Ferdinand III of Castile in 1243, restored by the Moors, and finally conquered by James I of Aragon in 1269. Its easily defended natural harbour lent itself to rebuilding, and in the 16th century Philip II made it a great naval port. Cartagena was one of the focal points of the Carlist revolt in 1873–74. It was a Republican naval base during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). Parts of the old town wall remain, as does the ruined Castillo de la Concepción, built in the 12th century on Roman foundations; the city’s archaeological museum contains Iberian, Greek, and Roman artifacts.
As a great commercial port, Cartagena was adversely affected during the early 20th century by the increasing importance of Barcelona, Málaga, and Alicante, all on the same coast. Cartagena exports some olive oil, dried fruits, and minerals. Fewer minerals were exported after the opening of an independent port in 1898 at Portman, a mining village on a sheltered bay 11 miles (18 km) east. As a naval base, Cartagena has an arsenal and extensive dockyards. Tourism represented an increasingly important sector in the local economy in the 21st century, as evidenced by the expansion of cultural institutions such as ARQUA (the National Museum of Underwater Archaeology) and the excavation and restoration of Roman ruins. The nearby Mar Menor (coastal lagoon) has swimming beaches and recreational areas. Pop. (2011) mun., 217,641.