Hammersmith and Fulham

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West London along the River Thames, c. 1900

Hammersmith and Fulham

Q: What is London?

London is the capital city of the United Kingdom . It is the U.K.’s largest metropolis and its economic, transportation, and cultural center. London is also among the oldest of the world’s great cities, with its history spanning nearly two millennia.

Q: When was London founded?

London’s founding can be traced to 43 CE, when the Roman armies began their occupation of Britain under Emperor Claudius . At a point just north of the marshy valley of the River Thames, where two low hills were sited, they established a settlement they called Londinium. The first definite mention of London occurs in 60 CE by the Roman historian Tacitus .

Q: Was London bombed during World War II?

During World War II London suffered intense aerial bombardment by Nazi forces during the Blitz , a campaign from September 1940 to May 1941 that devastated the city. An estimated 43,000 Londoners died, and a further 50,000 were injured. More than 70,000 buildings were destroyed, and many more were damaged. The Blitz failed to break Britain, however, and Nazi Germany abandoned the attacks.

Q: What is London known for?

London is one of the world’s most cosmopolitan cities. It is the largest metropolis in the United Kingdom, and it is also the country’s economic, transportation, and cultural center. In addition to its history, art, and politics, London is a popular tourist destination for its wide variety of museums, shops, restaurants, and sports teams.

Q: Where is London located?

London is situated in southeastern England , lying on both sides of the River Thames some 50 miles (80 km) upstream from its estuary on the North Sea .

borough, London, United Kingdom

Also known as: Hammersmith

Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2025 • Article History

Formerly:: Hammersmith

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Hammersmith and Fulham, inner borough of London, England, part of the historic county of Middlesex. It lies north of the River Thames and west of Kensington and Chelsea. It was created a borough in 1965 by the amalgamation of the former metropolitan boroughs of Fulham and Hammersmith. The present borough comprises such areas and neighbourhoods as (from north to south) Wormwood Scrubs, White City, Shepherd’s Bush, Hammersmith, and Fulham.

The borough is predominantly residential, and 19th-century houses are common. Its southern part contains Fulham Palace (early 16th century), the residence of the bishops of London until 1973; the palace is now a museum. The northern sector extends through densely developed areas of terraced houses and flats up to the bleak space known as Wormwood Scrubs, with its prison built by convicts in 1874–90 and still in use today.

The borough also includes the Olympia exhibition centre; Hurlingham Park; the grounds of Chelsea, Fulham, and Queen’s Park Rangers football (soccer) clubs; and the British Broadcasting Corporation’s television headquarters and main studios. Kelmscott House, for 18 years the home of William Morris (now home to the William Morris Society), is situated in Hammersmith. Also notable are the Palais de Danse (Hammersmith Palais) dance hall, which opened in 1919, and the 17th-century Dove, which has been a coffeehouse and inn since 1796. The annual University Boat Race of Oxford and Cambridge eight-man rowing teams starts from near Putney Bridge. Queen’s Club at Barons Court is well known for tennis competition. Fulham, Shepherd’s Bush, and Hammersmith have large shopping centres. Area 6 square miles (16 square km). Pop. (2001) 165,242; (2011) 182,493.

English language school promotion illustration. Silhouette of a man advertises or sells shouts in a megaphone and emerging from the flag of the United Kingdom (Union Jack).

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London

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Study London's history through sites such as Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament, and the River Thames

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London summary

London

national capital, United Kingdom

Also known as: Londinium

Written by Blake Ehrlich , Michael John Hebbert •All

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: May 27, 2025 • Article History

What is London?

When was London founded?

Was London bombed during World War II?

What is London known for?

Where is London located?

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London, city, capital of the United Kingdom. It is among the oldest of the world’s great cities—its history spanning nearly two millennia—and one of the most cosmopolitan. By far Britain’s largest metropolis, it is also the country’s economic, transportation, and cultural center.

London is situated in southeastern England, lying astride the River Thames some 50 miles (80 km) upstream from its estuary on the North Sea. In satellite photographs the metropolis can be seen to sit compactly in a Green Belt of open land, with its principal ring highway (the M25 motorway) threaded around it at a radius of about 20 miles (30 km) from the city center. The growth of the built-up area was halted by strict town planning controls in the mid-1950s. Its physical limits more or less correspond to the administrative and statistical boundaries separating the metropolitan county of Greater London from the “home counties” of Kent, Surrey, and Berkshire (in clockwise order) to the south of the river and Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, and Essex to the north. The historic counties of Kent, Hertfordshire, and Essex extend in area beyond the current administrative counties with the same names to include substantial parts of the metropolitan county of Greater London, which was formed in 1965. Most of Greater London south of the Thames belongs to the historic county of Surrey, while most of Greater London north of the Thames belongs historically to the county of Middlesex. Area Greater London, 607 square miles (1,572 square km). Pop. (2001) Greater London, 7,172,091; (2011 prelim.) Greater London, 8,173,941.