The contemporary city

San Diego has a culturally diverse population. People of European ancestry, once the great majority of the population, still constitute more than half of the total. A growing one-fourth are now Hispanic, and more than one-eighth are of Asian descent. Despite the large number of retirees, the population is relatively young, about half of the residents being under age 35. The city has one of the country’s highest percentages of college graduates. There is also a significant presence of Mexican labourers who commute to jobs (typically as farmworkers or domestics) in the San Diego region from their homes south of the border.

The city’s economy, long dominated by the military, is now more diversified. Defense industries such as aerospace are still important, but tourism and nondefense manufacturing also play major roles. High-technology industries, particularly biotechnology and telecommunications, grew rapidly at the end of the 20th century. Software, financial and business services, environmental technology, shipbuilding and repair, and the manufacture of electronics, computer equipment, medical products, pharmaceuticals, and sporting goods are all important economic factors. The city remains the main commercial outlet for the farm produce of southern California. San Diego also is one of the leading agricultural counties in the United States in the value of production. Citrus, avocados, cut flowers, nursery plants, eggs, cucumbers, tomatoes, and livestock are the major products.

San Diego’s location on the Pacific Ocean near the border with Mexico is advantageous for international trade, particularly with Latin America and the Pacific Rim. The Port of San Diego serves as a berth for cruise ships, and a variety of cargo passes through its docks, including lumber, automobiles, cement, sand, soda ash, newsprint, fertilizer, and food products. The city has an international airport, and its mass transit system includes trolley service to the Mexican border.

The University of California, San Diego (1912), in La Jolla, includes the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (1903), and San Diego State University (1897) is part of the California State University system. Other institutions of higher education include the University of San Diego (1949) and several community colleges. Other cultural amenities include a symphony orchestra and opera, ballet, and theatre companies. The city is also home to the Padres professional baseball team.

The 1,200-acre (485-hectare) Balboa Park, near downtown, contains the world-renowned San Diego Zoo; a variety of arts and cultural organizations, such as the Globe Theatres and the Japanese Friendship Garden; and more than a dozen museums, including those devoted to natural history, fine art, photography, aerospace, folk art, anthropology, and local history. Mission Bay Park, just north of Point Loma, encompasses 4,600 acres (1,860 hectares) of land and water, with beaches, marinas, water-recreation activities, and wildlife preserves. Mission Bay is also the site of SeaWorld, an aquatic theme park famous for its shows featuring killer whales. San Diego Wild Animal Park, near Escondido, showcases groups of exotic animals roaming throughout 1,800 acres (730 hectares) of habitat similar to their native Africa and Asia. Old Town San Diego State Historic Park, on the 19th-century settlement site, displays artifacts and restored buildings, and the nearby Serra Museum stands on the location of the original presidio. Cabrillo National Monument, established in 1913, preserves Old Point Loma Lighthouse (built in 1855).

Opportunities for outdoor recreational activities abound in the region’s warm, sunny climate and varied landscape. Beaches and resorts line the coast and include Torrey Pines State Reserve (north) and Border Field State Park and Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve (south). Ocean Beach and Pacific Beach, two districts in the city near Mission Bay, preserve a charming laid-back, beach-community atmosphere. Inland, Cleveland National Forest (headquartered in San Diego) extends north-south through the county. Farther east are Cuyamaca Rancho and the vast Anza-Borrego Desert state parks. Mexican border attractions are easily reached from the city.