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State and local human service agencies provide general public health care and aid for those with mental and developmental disabilities. In 1982 the Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services initiated the Community Options Program, in which the elderly and those with serious disabilities can receive care in their homes or in community-based facilities to avoid expensive care in institutions and nursing homes.
In 1983 the legislature passed enabling acts for health maintenance organizations, bringing about a rapid growth statewide of these and other such groups. The competition among health care providers lowered medical costs, reduced the length of hospital stays, provided more same-day surgeries, and promoted the emergence of 24-hour immediate care clinics, ambulatory surgery centres, and centres for the elderly.
In 1997 Wisconsin governor Tommy Thompson, a Republican, passed a welfare reform program called Wisconsin Works, which offered assistance to low-income parents of minors who met strict work requirements. By the end of the 20th century, the state had succeeded in cutting about three-fifths of its welfare caseload, though the state’s welfare budget was one-fifth higher than under the previous welfare program.
Education
A kindergarten that opened in Watertown in 1856 is thought to have been the first in the United States. After the American Civil War, Milwaukee became known as a kindergarten centre. Private academies proliferated in Wisconsin before the Free High School Law, which established a system of free public education, was passed in 1875. Overall responsibility for elementary and secondary education lies with the state’s Department of Public Instruction; local boards of education oversee local districts.
The major system of public higher education is the University of Wisconsin System, which in 1971 was combined with the Wisconsin State Universities System to create 13 four-year, degree-granting campuses, 13 two-year (Center System) campuses, and the University of Wisconsin Extension. In addition there is a statewide vocational, technical, and adult education system. Among the major private degree-granting institutions are Marquette University (Milwaukee; founded 1881), Lawrence University (Appleton; 1847), and Beloit (Beloit; 1846), Carroll (Waukesha; 1846), Ripon (Ripon; 1851), and St. Norbert (De Pere; 1898) colleges. Frank Lloyd Wright’s school of architecture at his Taliesin family farm near Spring Green still attracts students and experienced architects.
Cultural life
The settlers of Wisconsin represented a mix of New Englanders, Southerners, and immigrants from northern Europe. Each group tended to settle in enclaves and to retain much of their transplanted cultural heritage. Their traditions have been retained to a considerable degree, producing both a rich diversity and a widespread appreciation of the arts.
Many ethnic groups hold annual festivals. The William Tell Pageant by the Swiss in New Glarus features the production of Friedrich von Schiller’s play Wilhelm Tell (1804). Norwegians hold the Syttende Mai (May 17, Norwegian Constitution Day) festival in Stoughton and perform the Song of Norway at the Cave of the Mounds near Mount Horeb. Annual festivals in Milwaukee include Summerfest, German Fest, Polish Fest, and the Holiday Folk Fair, the oldest and largest multiethnic festival in the country.
The Wisconsin State Fair is held in August in the Milwaukee suburb of West Allis. Almost every city holds at least one or more festivals each year, from Cinder City Days in Altoona to the Firemen’s Catfish Festival in Potosi.
“Cheesehead,” used by outsiders as a mocking sobriquet for people of “America’s Dairyland,” has been appropriated and embraced with pride by Wisconsinites. Indeed, rubber cheese-wedge hats are often worn as badges of honour at sporting events.
The arts
Among Wisconsin natives who achieved national recognition in the arts are writers John Muir, Thornton Wilder, Zona Gale, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Edna Ferber, and Jane Hamilton; actor-director Orson Welles; actors Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne and Don Ameche; magician Harry Houdini; architect Frank Lloyd Wright; painter Georgia O’Keeffe; musicians Les Paul and Steve Miller; and musical groups the Violent Femmes and Garbage.