Toomas Hendrik Ilves (born December 26, 1953, Stockholm, Sweden) is a politician who served as president of Estonia (2006–16).
Ilves was born to Estonian refugees and raised in the United States. He completed a B.A. in psychology at New York City’s Columbia University in 1976. Two years later he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with an M.A. in psychology. After holding several jobs in the United States and Canada, Ilves moved to Munich in 1984 to work as an analyst and researcher for Radio Free Europe, eventually becoming head of the radio’s Estonian desk. Also in 1984 he made his first visit to Estonia. From 1993 to 1996 he served as Estonia’s ambassador to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In 1996 Ilves moved to Estonia and began serving as the country’s minister of foreign affairs, a post he held until 1998 and again from 1999 to 2002.
Ilves’s political career advanced when he was elected to the Riigikogu, the Estonian national legislature, in 2002. He was elected to the European Parliament in 2004 and began negotiations that resulted in Estonia’s admittance to the European Union in 2004. He ran for the presidency of Estonia as the candidate of the Social Democratic Party and was elected in September 2006.
Ilves used his office to further integrate Estonia into both the European Union and NATO and to strengthen the country’s ties to the United States. Critics who had expressed concerns about his foreign policy experience were silenced by his management of the country’s difficult relations with neighbouring Russia. Estonia became a member of the euro zone in 2011, and Ilves was reelected president later that year. Tensions with Russia increased in the wake of Russia’s illegal annexation of the Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea in 2014, and Ilves advocated a more robust NATO presence in the Baltic states. Limited to two terms as president, Ilves was succeeded by Kersti Kaljulaid in October 2016.