Ceawlin (died 593) was the king of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 560 to 592, who drove the Britons from most of southern England and carved out a kingdom in the southern Midlands.
Ceawlin helped his father, King Cynric, defeat the Britons at Beranbyrg (Barbury) in 556. In 568, eight years after he assumed the West Saxon kingship, Ceawlin and his brother Cutha severely defeated King Aethelberht I of Kent. Ceawlin’s victory over the Britons at Deorham (Dyrham) in 577 led to the capture of Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath. The valley of the lower Severn River was thereby opened to West Saxon colonists, and the Britons of Wales were cut off from their kinsmen on England’s southwestern peninsula.
Nevertheless, a king named Ceol seized at least part of Ceawlin’s lands in 591. After being defeated by Ceol at Woddesbeorg (or Wodnesbeorg; now Adam’s Grave in Wiltshire) in 592, Ceawlin was driven into exile. He was killed the next year. The 8th-century historian Bede included him in his list of seven successive rulers who were overlords (bretwaldas) of all the lands south of the Humber.