Jiamusi, city, northeastern Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. Jiamusi is situated on the lower reaches of the Sungari (Songhua) River and has good natural communications by river upstream to such cities as Harbin and Yilan, as well as with the Amur and Ussuri rivers during the summer months.
Until the 18th century this region, which has fertile agricultural land, was largely unsettled because of the harsh climate and short growing season. When Chinese and Manchu settlers began to move into the area, Jiamusi developed as a small trading post under the name Dongxingzhen (1886). In 1910 it became the seat of a county administration, under the name Huachuan; but after several floods the county seat was moved to Heli (Hegang), about 30 miles (50 km) to the north. Subsequently, Jiamusi continued to grow as a commercial centre and became a county-level municipality. A road system was constructed, providing year-round transport.
After the Japanese occupation of Manchuria (Northeast China) began in 1931–32, Jiamusi became an administrative centre of the puppet Manchukuo government and the capital of Sanjiang province. It also became a major military base. Many settlers came into the area, not only from China but also from Korea and Japan. In 1937–38 it was connected by rail to Suihua and Harbin, as well as to Mudanjiang. After 1949 the rapid development of Heilongjiang province continued, and Jiamusi grew still further as the transport and communications centre of the region. It also developed into an industrial city, manufacturing agricultural equipment, mining machinery, fertilizers, plastics, and chemicals. Since 1956 it has been a major producer of wood pulp and newsprint, having one of the biggest paper mills in China. It also has food-processing plants, some of which refine sugar from locally grown beets. Because it is conveniently connected by air and water to Khabarovsk in the Russian Far East, Jiamusi is an important harbour for international trade in northeastern China. Pop. (2002 est.) city, 590,276; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 1,020,000.