Joseph Cinqué (born c. 1814, Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate—died ?) was an enslaved African who led a revolt on the Amistad coastal slave ship in 1839. He was later taken into custody in the United States but was freed by a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court. The revolt came to be known as the Amistad mutiny.
Cinqué is believed to have been born Sengbe Pieh in the Mende region of western Africa, likely sometime between 1811 and 1814. While in his 20s, he was captured by four Black strangers as he walked along a well-traveled path. His wife and three children were unaware of what had happened and feared that he might have been eaten by animals. He later thought the captors might have been members of a rival tribe or debt collectors. After being forced to walk for days to reach the coast, he boarded the Portuguese slave ship Teçora along with hundreds of other prisoners. Unsanitary conditions and lack of food caused many to die during the two-month voyage to Cuba.
Because it was illegal to import enslaved people into Cuba, the captives were smuggled in during the night. Slavery itself was still legal there, so efforts were made to pass off the new arrivals as Cuban-born enslaved people. Sengbe Pieh was given the Spanish Christian name Joseph Cinqué (sometimes written as Cinque or Cinquez) and soon found himself bound for Puerto Principe (later Camagüey), Cuba, aboard the Amistad.
The Spaniards who bought Cinqué planned to sell him and other captives to plantation owners. However, the cook on board led Cinqué to believe that the prisoners would soon be killed and eaten. Cinqué convinced his fellow prisoners that they had nothing to lose by trying to free themselves. On a stormy night, Cinqué used a nail he had been hiding to free himself and others from their iron collars. Armed with sugarcane knives found on board, they killed the ship’s captain and the cook.
Cinqué ordered the surviving injured slave traders to sail to Africa, but the crew managed to zigzag northward on the Atlantic Ocean instead. After about two months, the vessel reached U.S. waters near Long Island, New York. While Cinqué and others went ashore to gather supplies, crew members of the USS Washington went on board the Amistad. The Africans were charged with murder and mutiny, and they were transported to New Haven, Connecticut, to await trial.
The Spaniards claimed that the Africans had already been enslaved in Cuba at the time of purchase and were therefore legal property without rights. Two men who knew the Mende language were brought in to help translate and allow the captives to tell their side of the story in court. When Cinqué took the stand, he proved to be an eloquent speaker. In January 1840 the U.S. district court ruled that the Africans had mutinied only to gain back their due freedom after being illegally kidnapped and sold. The judge ordered them to be returned to Africa, which went against the wishes of U.S. Pres. Martin Van Buren. The case went to the Supreme Court, where former president John Quincy Adams represented the Africans. The original verdict was upheld in March 1841.
Cinqué and the others, accompanied by a translator and five missionaries, reached their homeland in early 1842. Details of his life following the return remain sketchy, and he is thought to have died sometime between 1852 and 1879.