Tarsila do Amaral

Tarsila do Amaral (born September 1, 1886, Capivari, Brazil—died January 17, 1973, São Paulo) was a Brazilian painter who blended local Brazilian content with international avant-garde aesthetics.

Amaral, who is usually simply called Tarsila, began studying academic painting in 1916. In 1920 she traveled to Paris, where she took classes at the Académie Julian, returning to Brazil just after São Paulo’s 1922 Semana de Arte Moderna (“Week of Modern Art”), a festival of modern art, literature, and music that announced Brazil’s break with academic art.

In December 1922 Tarsila returned to Paris, where she studied with the Cubist André Lhote and briefly with Fernand Léger (whose work would prove influential to the development of her own), as well as with Albert Gleizes. She was accompanied on this trip by poet Oswald de Andrade, whom she would eventually marry. In Paris she turned to Brazilian culture for artistic inspiration, painting The Black Woman (1923), a flattened, stylized, and exaggerated portrait of a nude Afro-Brazilian woman against a geometric background. The painting marks the beginning of her synthesis of avant-garde aesthetics and Brazilian subject matter.

Tarsila returned to Brazil the following December, followed by Andrade and the avant-garde French poet Blaise Cendrars. The three visited Rio de Janeiro during Carnival (see carnival) and baroque mining towns during Holy Week. These trips inspired Tarsila and Andrade to delve further into the characteristic aspects of Brazilian culture. That year she began her Pau-Brasil phase, named after Andrade’s Pau-Brasil manifesto, a call for a truly Brazilian art and literature. Her paintings depicted Brazil’s landscapes and peoples in a way that reflected Léger’s organic approach to Cubism. Paintings such as E.F.C.B. (Central Railway of Brazil) (1924) and Carnival in Madureira (1924) depict Brazil’s industrial development and its rural traditions in planar compositions in which roads, buildings, and figures are reduced to their essential outlines and basic forms.

In 1928 Tarsila painted what is perhaps her best-known work, Abaporú (“Man Who Eats” in the Tupí-Guraraní language), a cartoonlike human figure seated next to a cactus under a burning sun. The painting inspired Andrade’s “Anthropophagite Manifesto,” which described Brazil’s digestion and transformation of European culture in terms of cannibalism. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Tarsila painted other Anthropophagite-style figures, often set into surrealist landscapes, as in Anthropophagia (1929).

Tarsila traveled to the Soviet Union in 1931. She was affected by the Socialist Realist painting she saw, and her work in the 1930s and ’40s conveyed a deeper interest in social issues. She once again painted recognizable figures, as in Second Class (1933), an image of a working-class family in front of a train car. In the 1950s Tarsila returned to the semi-Cubist landscapes of her Pau-Brasil phase, a style she used to the end of her life.